PEER REVIEW FROM A RESEARCH ARTICLE Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEER REVIEW FROM A ARTICLE - Research Paper Example The authors seem to agree that asthma is among chronic illnesses contributing to the highest cases of absenteeism in United States schools. In this case, I show that the study conducted by Wyatt and Hauenstein on the role of Okay with Asthma is credible despite the limited nature of the research itself. Okay with Asthma is an online interactive program designed to help asthma victims become their own managers. It brings together school nurses and students by creating a unique platform for online interaction. The program integrates the traditional content of asthma management side by side with psychosocial strategies for managing asthma. In his study, Wyatt and Hauenstein’s employed one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to pilot test the effectiveness of Okay with Asthma intervention. The aim of the study was to find out whether or not the program is effective in improving students’ knowledge about asthma as well as their attitudes towards the same illness. A random sampling technique was used to select elements of the study. The researcher sent out 169 letters to families with asthmatic children aged between 8 and 11 years. 53 families responded positively but only 37 of the children took part in the study. Criterion used to select participants was abil ity to complete assent form, children without cognitive or psychiatric disturbances, and children with moderate to severe asthma. The study by Wyatt and Hauenstein was done in part 1 and part 2 with each part lasting for a period of one week. To establish if Okay with Asthma enhanced knowledge scores on the AIQ and attitude tests on the CATIS, t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used. The finding was that the knowledge base of the students about asthma improved in week two (post test) as compared to (pre-test). As for the second article, Clark conducts a study

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC)

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC) Design Liability under NEC Problem Every construction or engineering project is generally designed and occasionally defects occur as a result of defective design. These defects if possible then have to be rectified and this has associated costs. Where interested parties cannot agree on which of them is responsible for the defect they often seek a legal remedy to allocate costs. To avoid this legal entanglement the majority of construction projects are carried out under the relative control of a contract that identifies the party that is responsible for the design. The degree of liability depends on how the design responsibility has been allocated under the contract. However, the complicated interaction of various legal elements with contractual provisions can consequently make this difficult to determine. For practical use a contract should allow for the incorporation of clear acceptable levels of liability to both parties. Research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests using a contract that allows for a spectrum of liability such as the NEC/ECC. This allows the level of responsibility to be tailored to the individual project by the inclusion of secondary clauses. Another consideration that must be investigated is that even if the design responsibility is not allocated under the contract, or no written contract exists, a level of responsibility under tort almost always exists. This responsibility is often forgotten and is rarely referenced in the contracts text. The level of design liability differs depending on what type of organisation the designer works for. For example, the level of design liability is the same in tort for a consultancys designer and a contractors designer, however, under a contract the level of liability may be different. In tort, the nature of the designers obligation is to exercise reasonable skill and care irrespective of the designers organisation. In contract, a consultancys designers liability is to exercise reasonable skill and care unless they know the purpose for which they are designing in which case a fitness for purpose liability is implied. Because of this risk of suffering an implied liability terms of engagement for a consultancys designer usually contract out fitness for purpose requirement. This is useful as no level of Professional Indemnity insurance exists to cover a consultancys designer for fitness for purpose liability and it is unlikely the consultancy would be able to independently cover the ris k. Even if a fitness for purpose liability is excluded, a consultancys designer could still be liable for not delivering the end result, if it can be proved that they did not use reasonable skill and care and has ultimately committed professional negligence under tort as well as being in breach of contract. As the tort of negligence is implied into both written and none written contracts, wherever a situation arises where one party owes another a duty of care, it is essential to look at its meaning. The Institution of Civil Engineers (2006) defines negligence as being based on the inflicting of injury or loss upon another person by failure to take such care as the law requires. A contractors designer suffers risk by reference to the statutory implied terms, under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, which will impose certain contractual warranties relating to merchantable quality and fitness for purpose, irrespective of what the contract says. The statutory implied terms give rise to risk for the designers contractor in that a contract which is silent on the point will impose on him a strict liability for all the obligations he has undertaken, including his design obligation. It is also worth noting that because of this, if a contractor chooses to appoint a consultancy designer under a subcontract, even if he is using the relevant standard subcontract form of the main contract, they may open themselves up to considerable risk. This is because they still have an obligation to deliver the end result that is fit for purpose, unless there are express provisions to limit liability. This why most Design and Build standard for m contracts limit the liability of the contractor for design to that of an architect under a traditional build contract. However, if there are express provisions in the contract to impose an explicit fitness for purpose liability on the contractor these provisions will then be subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. As already stated, there are two levels of design reasonable skill and care and fitness for purpose. These two terms are the most commonly used and even though they are an over simplification it is important to define them in more detail. Fitness for purpose is just that, it should satisfy and/or deliver the clients requirements whereas reasonable skill and care can be further split into professional skill and duty of care. As well as carrying out their specialist skill competently the construction professionals have to exercise a defined level of care. This duty of care is based on foreseeability, where one must take reasonable care to avoid acts, omissions or statements, which could reasonably be foreseen to be likely to result in injury or loss to other people. The standard of care to be exercised is that of the ordinary, prudent person and will depend on the particular circumstances of each individual case. In the context of this proposal it would be the construction professionals, working for the contractor who must exercise due care to highlight errors when reading and implementing the clients design, or the contractors own designer who must exercise due care when creating and developing a design (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). The element of skill required by a construction professional, whether they are an engineer, designer, quantity surveyor or project manager is to carry out their own specialist skill competently. The courts have defined the specialist skill and competence on many occasions and the following direction to the jury in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957], has been adopted by the House of Lords and is frequently cited:- Where you get a situation which involves some special skill or competence the test is the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill. A man need not possess the highest expert skill it is sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of the ordinary competent man exercising that particular art (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). As previous research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests, the NEC/ECC contract is an acceptable document that can be tailored to individual projects and remain workable and acceptable to both client and contractor. These advantages could explain why it has rapidly become the contract of choice for public sector work. Due to the economic situation that exists in the construction and engineering industry at present the majority of work is in the public sector and as a result is under NEC3 the most recent version of NEC/ECC form of contract. According to the Bank of England the current economic situation is going to continue for at least the next 6 months before signs of recovery start to filter through to the construction industry in the form of private investment. Because of this, more disagreements over design defects carried out under the NEC3 form of contract are probably going to go before the courts. It would be useful then for contractors construction professionals to know what design liabilities the contractor could be exposed to so that they can take steps to avoid any legal entanglement. This is especially prudent as the NEC3 contract does not include the term fitness for purpose in its text and instead relies on the works information given by the client to specify the performance requirements and secondary clauses to limit a contractors liability. When this information is incomplete or missing it creates a situation where the responsibilities and the end requirements are unclear and the contract reverts back to a silent position as discussed earlier and imposes a strict liability upon the contractor, unless secondary clauses to expressly limit liability are included within the contract document. Even where these clauses are included contractual warranties implied by the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 may take precedence. It is important to note that in this silent position a contractor would not be liable for desi gn works carried out by subcontractors even if appointed by them under the relevant NEC3 subcontract form. The aim of the dissertation then, is to carry out primary and secondary research to determine whether, and if so, how, a contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under the NEC3 suite of contracts. Your problem specification specifies the problem alright, but it does not indicate what can be done to resolve the problem or what issues need to be addressed in resolving this problem. These issues would form the basis of the ensuing chapters of the dissertation. There is a decided lack (although not a total absence) of appropriate citation to substantiate your many authoritative statements in the problem spec. Literature Review Current literature on the National Engineering Contract 3 (NEC3) includes legal cases, commentary or how to use guides and finally but not exhaustively research by construction and engineering academics and/or professionals. This literature individually covers the different aspects of design liability and the NEC3. Need to make more substantial to provide a structured overview. The NEC3 is endorsed and recommended by the UK Governmental Office of Government Commerce for use on all public sector construction projects. And because the majority of current construction and engineering work is in the public sector at present it is getting a lot of use and therefore it is important that those using it fully understand it. To that end Eggleston (2006) has written a comprehensive commentary on the NEC3. His commentary explains how each NEC3 contract is uniquely put together to meet the employers needs by assembling clauses from the option structure and by particularisation in accompanying documents. This commentary is particularly useful in that it helps the reader use the contract by providing step by step instructions to ensure the basic building blocks of the contract are set up correctly. A good example of this is the five steps that an employer must follow in order to create a set of NEC3 conditions for a particular contract. Egglestons (2006) commentary is an overview of the entire suite of NEC3 contract documents and gives a brief definition of the clauses. It does not give instruction of which combination of options and clauses to use but instead informs the user how to incorporate their chosen selection into a working document. On the down side the book does not give you enough legal analysis and only refers to a handful of cases and to this end does not highlight sufficiently what the repercussions of not getting it right are. This means unless the professional using it is fully versed or doesnt follow a commentary such as Egglestons to the letter they could end up in hot water regardless of what secondary clauses they think are in place to limit liability. Using Egglestons (2006) definitions of clauses and with cross reference to an NEC3 contract it is apparent that it is the secondary options X15 limitation of contractors liability for design and X18 limitation of liability are the most relevant to this proposal. This is because they are the clauses that can be included if agreed between the client and contractor to pre-determine the level of liability. Need to insert what Eggleston says Difference between two clauses and what they limitContradiction with works information Express catch all sentences added under Option Z or included in works info Egglestons thoughts on silent position Gaafar and Perry (1998) have written an insightful paper that is relevant to the proposed aim of this proposal. They based some of their findings on communication with an unnamed author involved in the development of the NEC. From this they discovered that these optional clauses came about due to legal advice that was given to avoid the term fitness for purpose and to the eventual adoption of the notion that the employer would either define the extent of his requirements for performance through the works information or would limit the liability through the choice of an optional clause. The term fit for purpose is very open to interpretation and could be a reason why it was left for the employer to fully define their requirements. Gaafar and Perry (1998) were unable to find a precise definition for the term fitness for purpose and concluded from comparing correspondence and discussion with unnamed legal academics and professionals that no such definition exists. This is hard to accept as regardless how many legal academics and professionals were contacted it is precedence set in the courts that establishes a meaning for the term not the legal academics and professionals opinion. It may be the case that these legal academics and professionals are unaware of any relevant case law and it is unlikely that they exhausted all published volumes. In addition Gaafar and Perry (1998) may have narrowed the question posed to the legal academics and professionals too much and a definition may exist in a non construction and engineering context that could be applied if the princi ples are the same. In addition to correspondence and discussion Gaafar and Perry (1998) also carried out a survey to determine the desirability to be able to adjust the level of liability. They highlight that 30% of clients questioned in the survey said that a fitness for purpose liability is not desirable as they recognise the practical and commercial problems it can cause. Gaafar and Perry (1998) expand on the description of these problems reiterating that professional designers do not have to carry a professional liability higher than reasonable skill and care and therefore no higher level of insurance cover exists. This means that the contractor can not obtain cover either and because of this if a fitness for purpose obligation exists and the design is carried out by a professional designer under a subcontract, the contractor can not pass this liability down to them. This leaves the contractor carrying a large uninsured risk. This unexpected result in their findings gives strong support to their re commendation of using a contract that allows liability to be tailored to an individual contractual situation. The theory and supporting research is comprehensive, however, the raw data is not given and it undermines their reasoning, as it is impossible to determine the significance of the results without knowing the sample size, methods used, the context and appropriateness of the questions. Gaafar and Perry (1998) was published in the International Journal of Project Management and looks at a number of problems associated with the interaction of legal elements and contractual provisions. They look at, but do not directly compare, a number of standard forms of contract and their individual advantages and disadvantages when the limitation of design liability is the key issue. The paper concludes by recommending the use of the NEC contract as they suggest it provides a spectrum of liability. Despite their suggestion of using a contract that allows a spectrum of liability they importantly acknowledge that a strict liability and obligations under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 exists and is difficult to sign away. This difficulty in signing away rights is also made reference to when they discuss liability under tort and the inclusion of express clauses to limit liability. These important points included by Gaafar and Perry (1998) are relevant to this proposal as they have a bearing on how effectively liability can be limited. Professor J. Perry and Dr H. K. Gaafar are academics at the School of Civil Engineering, the University of Birmingham and for this reason their assumptions on NEC3 in practice are likely to be based on 3rd part information and not their own practical experience within the construction and engineering environment. It is also worth noting that The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) states that parties cannot sign away certain rights under UK law and current precedence will determine what obligations exist regardless of whether a clause was included to limit liability. The HGCRA forms the basis of the current UK law and as such must be treated seriously and acknowledged as the presiding authority on set aspects of construction projects. It is also important to note that the HGCRA is 13 years old and largely based on the report by Latham (1994), as such developments have happened in the way contracts are worded to either incorporate it or find ways around it. Egan (1998) suggests that a move to partnering and mutual cooperation will do away with a need for contracts. In this situation a strict liability will be implied by current UK law and legislation and as discussed a fit for purpose obligation will be the default situation. If clauses intended to limit design liability are not effective then Eagans (1998) view that; designers should work in close collaboration with other participants in the project will protect the contractors and reduce the risk as they will be fully aware of the requirements and ultimately able to deliver the end product that is fit for purpose. This work by Egan (1998) is a very theoretical academic view and 11 years on has not fully been adopted despite moves to create more trust through partnering, however, it does provide an alternative view to the confrontational and aggressive stand many contractors and clients are adopting in the economic down turn. Wallace (1995) states his opinion that the obligation to construct a work capable of carrying out its intended use overrides the obligations to comply with specification given in the works information. If this is the case even though a contractor may have produced a design that complied with all the works information, if the end result is not fit for purpose they are then responsible. This goes back to the implied obligation discussed earlier and responsibility of the contractor to request more information and highlight lack of clarity in the works information. They may have done everything including reasonable skill and care to produce a design that complies with the works information but if the works information was inadequate they were liable for not correcting this fault and therefore liable for not producing a design that could deliver. Wallace (1995) published this work a year after Latham (1994) and in a climate where a more progressive approach to construction was the new way of thinking, however, it ignores this work and focuses on fact and the law as it stood at the time. This is not a bad thing but when applying Wallaces work to contracts such as the NEC3 it does not always directly apply and extrapolation of the legal principles is necessary, however most are still the same and the book is still widely accepted and used. Jackson and Powel (1992) conclude that the particular obligations of a contractor to his client are generally of a different nature from those owed by a professional man to his client. They make the point that this does not expressly state that the contractors obligations amount to a fitness for purpose requirement. However they imply in the passage, my complaint against him is not that he has failed to exercise reasonable skill and care in carrying out the work but that he has failed to supply what was contracted for, that a higher level of liability than reasonable skill and care exists and that the precise level of liability is governed by what is stated in the totality of the contract. Jackson and Powel (1992) is considered to be an accepted legal text and the authors experts in their field. This opinion is supported by the fact that the book has been quoted in the courts. A good example being; Lady Justice Butler-Sloss in the Court of Appeal regarding the case of Sansom and Mona ghan v. Metcalf Hambleton Co (1997) (Was it a construction law case? Was the case to do with design liability?) EGCS 185 who quoted the book as being a helpful summary. This use in 1997 is important as it is post HGCRA and although it is 17 years old has many useful interpretations that are still relevant. For example, the concept mentioned above regarding totality of the contract is very similar to the commentary detailed in Eggleston (2006) 14 years later regarding liabilities imposed by the entire contract. In relevance to this proposal then, if the book and the authors are deemed to be an authority on the subject of negligence their implications above regarding totality of the contract carry significant weight. This would suggest that secondary clauses under NEC3 are not necessarily going to limit a contractors liability to reasonable skill and care. In addition to the above works, NEC itself provides literature in both on its website and in published form, and despite the inherent bias it may carries is worth reviewing. The bias is there because the NEC has an invested interested in portraying the NEC3 in a positive light to increase sales, however, it is useful for reference to clarify technical points and attain original copies of contract wording. What is clear is that each of these commentaries focuses on a particular area of a contract or takes a view from one particular party and at present there is nothing comprehensive to show all the interrelationships of NEC3 contractual clauses and UK law and legislation. As a result unless the employer compiling the contract or contractor entering into an NEC3 contract fully understands the full ramifications of the options and clauses chosen they should seek professional legal advice. As described by Gaafar and Perry (1998) these interrelationships are very complicated especially to the non legal professional. Gaafar and Perry (1998) try to bypass the need to understand all these complicated interrelationships by developing and suggesting the use of a Spectrum of Liability, however, as acknowledged by them no contract currently exists that fully allows for this. As stressed by Latham (1996) though and indeed acknowledged by Gaafar and Perry (1998) there are certain obligations and im plied responsibilities that cannot be signed away and a strict liability is imposed unless express clauses are used to support this flexible spectrum. Only the NEC3 contract comes close, however, the effectiveness of secondary clauses to control levels of liability is difficult to determine due to the complex legal interrelationships mentioned above. To establish whether liability can be controlled in an NEC3 contract this dissertation will use arguably the main aspect that has most bearing design liability and seek to demonstrate the following conjecture: A contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under NEC3 by use of secondary clauses. Can expand to 2500 or 3000 words In final submission should include a statement in the summary to the literature review as to where the dissertation sits in relation to the main authors outlined in the introduction to the literature review. Methodology To manage the presentation of this dissertation it has been split into a number of chapters. The overall dissertation will form a piece of work that can be useful to all construction and engineering professionals who are considering entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 1 will be derived from the problem specification, literature review and methodology that form this dissertation proposal. Chapter 2 involves carrying out extensive secondary research. This will take the form of investigation into legal precedence that exists for cases with relevance to a contractors design responsibility and associated liability under NEC3. In addition to this, investigation into accepted academic views, professional interpretation of NEC3 clauses and commentary on UK statute and legislation is necessary. Combined this will form a theoretical perfect world view of design liability and act as the control for this research. Chapter 3 will explore construction professionals understanding of design liability under an NEC3 form of contract. To do this a statistically sufficient number of construction professionals will be interviewed. The questions are designed to be comprehensive enough to generate the desired responses but have been deliberately left open ended to ensure they do not lead the interviewees in a certain direction or stifle responses. The benefit of this is that a greater insight into the interviewees experience and knowledge is gained and helps determine how much weight to assign the responses. The results will then be summarised and initial statistical processing carried out to allow them to be analysed. The open ended nature of the interview questions also gives the opportunity for contractors problems that are not covered by the interview questions to be picked up and acknowledged and be compiled into the summary conclusions. Chapter 4 will seek to substantiate or disprove the conjecture made in Chapter 1 by comparing the differences between the control in Chapter 2 and the summary conclusions made from the interview results in Chapter 3. Depending on the outcome of this comparison will determine the recommendations made in this dissertation that aim to benefit construction professionals thinking of entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 5, the final chapter seeks to bring together all the conclusions made in the above chapters into a final summary. The outcome of the comparison in Chapter 4 should identify how effective the NEC3 form of contracts intentions are in regards creating a contract that is able to limit design liability by the inclusion of secondary clauses or whether other factors come into play and greater care and legal advice is needed before a contractor signs up to an NEC3 form of contract. The comparison will also determine whether any of the additional problems or negative experiences identified by the construction professionals in the interviews is real or merely perceived due to lack of understanding of UK law and of the NEC3 contract in general. If they are merely perceived, the recommendations made in this work should allow them more confidence when deciding whether or not to sign up to a given NEC3 contract. They would then be able to make an informed decision as to whether an included clauses attempt to limit liability under NEC3 would safeguard them or whether they would be exposed and need to adjust their price to suit the increased risk of what is effectively an imposed fit for purpose design liability. Need to justify research method. This justification is done by reference to established research methods authors. You make only one reference to Blaxter et al but it does not really get to the bottom of what you are doing and why. You do not eliminate other methodologies. Do other authors agree? A good methodology will compare the recommendations of three or four research methods texts. You might like to look at some of the following: 1) Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students Dr S.G. Naoum Butterworth Heinneman 808.066624 NAO 2) Research Methods in Construction Fellows Lui 3) Hart, C. 2005, Doing Your Masters Dissertation, SAGE Publications Ltd., London 4) Preece, R. 1994, Starting Research: An Introduction to Academic Research and Dissertation Writing, A Cassell Imprint, London 5) Blaxter, Hughes Tight 2006, How to Research, Open University 6) Questionnaire Design, Interview and Attitude Measurement A.N.Oppenheim Continuum 300.723 OPP The methodology should be introduced by a statement about the theoretical perspectives being employed, e.g. you are approaching this dissertation from a legal and contractual perspective by way of offering appropriate practical advice to the industry Need to justify structure. Justification for the structure requires cerebral argument and includes some linking text between your discussion on the content and format of each chapter. Remember the chapters should be based on the issues to be addressed as identified in the problem specification, so your justification of the structure could be based upon the logic of dealing with those issues. References Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Jackson and Powell (1992). Professional Negligence 3rd Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. Wallace, D. (1995). Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, Volume 1, 11th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Bibliography Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Dissertation Creation. Dissertation Help How to Write and Structure a Dissertation Proposal [Online] Available from: http://www.ukdissertations.com Accessed 07.07.09 Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. The Guild of Architectural Ironmongers (2004). Commercial and Contract Law. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Additional useful paragraphs; If the NEC3 contract is set up for the contractor to have design responsibility, then the contractors design must comply with the works information. Even if the optional clause to limit liability is used, the performance specification given in the works information will override it and therefore the contractors liability may or may not be interpreted as fitness for purpose depending on how the works information has been drafted with a strict liability imposed. Results Ques

Womens Rights Movement in the US Essay -- essays research papers

Women rights Throughout the years of marriage and relationships there has been many changes towards the different roles that men and women play. Over this time though there are also things that have remained the same. The male female relationship has always had a type of â€Å"guidelines†. Over the past forty years these guidelines have become less and less followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men and women’s attitudes towards each other are something that has always, for the most part, remained the same. For all of time men have been the seekers. It is a mans job to find himself a partner. Women get to wait and choose who they accept and who they decline. For example men have always asked women to dances or social events. This has come from males being the dominate gender in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roles that men and women play in relationships are something that has changed. Up until recently the roles of a relationship were always pretty much the same. Males were viewed as the dominate figure in the relationship or in the family. It was the job of the male to provide for the family, whether it was hunting for food or having a good job. The male was seen as the head of the family and would provide discipline to the children. On other hand the mother was the care taker. She would be the one to stay home with the kids and not work. The female would provide for the family by cooking and cleaning and taking care of the house. This is the way that society had w... Women's Rights Movement in the US Essay -- essays research papers Women rights Throughout the years of marriage and relationships there has been many changes towards the different roles that men and women play. Over this time though there are also things that have remained the same. The male female relationship has always had a type of â€Å"guidelines†. Over the past forty years these guidelines have become less and less followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men and women’s attitudes towards each other are something that has always, for the most part, remained the same. For all of time men have been the seekers. It is a mans job to find himself a partner. Women get to wait and choose who they accept and who they decline. For example men have always asked women to dances or social events. This has come from males being the dominate gender in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roles that men and women play in relationships are something that has changed. Up until recently the roles of a relationship were always pretty much the same. Males were viewed as the dominate figure in the relationship or in the family. It was the job of the male to provide for the family, whether it was hunting for food or having a good job. The male was seen as the head of the family and would provide discipline to the children. On other hand the mother was the care taker. She would be the one to stay home with the kids and not work. The female would provide for the family by cooking and cleaning and taking care of the house. This is the way that society had w...

Improving Eye Care Rural India

How private entrepreneurship is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes Introduction CATARACT refers to the clouding of the lens in the human oculus, impacting vision.[ 1 ]In the underdeveloped universe, cataract is the cause for sightlessness in about half the unsighted population i.e. 50 % of the recorded figure of blindness instances.[ 2 ]While jobs of unavailability continue to blight many parts of the developing universe – about two-thirds of the population in many developing states are unable to entree quality medical resources & A ; substructure chiefly because quality medical attention or oculus attention in this instance is still urban-centric[ 3 ]– all hope is non lost yet. In India excessively, where 90 % of the instances are treatable, most Indians lack entree to quality oculus attention.[ 4 ]In the early 1990s, the state was home to a 3rd of the universe ‘s unsighted people and here excessively cataract sightlessness was the major cause in most instances. The World Bank decided to step in and assist the Indian authorities trade with the job, passing $ 144.8 million between 1994 and 2002 on the Cataract Blindness Control Project under which 15.3 million oculus surgeries were performed.[ 5 ]The World Bank-funded undertaking was mostly implemented in northern India and it helped cut down the incidence of cataract, in the provinces that were covered under this undertaking, by half. But India is a really large state and it decidedly needs a more sustainable attack to covering with cataract sightlessness given that it has a ample ageing population. One such attack is the Aravind Eye Care System, a three-decade old run that has been contending catarac t sightlessness preponderantly in the southern Indian province of Tamil Nadu. Working in the same way is the L V Prasdad Eye Institue, runing from the neighboring province of Andhra Pradesh. Both Aravind and LVPEI, apparatus in the mid 1970s and the mid 1980s severally, have been focused on taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes from the really first, most of it free of cost. In the larger context, this paper discusses how private entrepreneurship is taking quality Eye Care to the rural multitudes in India. This paper will discourse the Eye Care bringing theoretical account aimed at contending Cataract Blindness in the context of the Culture-Centered Approach ( CCA ) . The Culture-Centered Approach advoates greater engagment with the local civilization, â€Å" through duologues with community members † , to guarantee â€Å" just † and â€Å" accessible † health care across communities ( Dutta-Bergman, 2004a, 2004b ; Dutta and Basu 2007 as quoted in Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, this paper will utilize the Drawn-out Technology-Community-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account ( Chib & A ; Komathi, 2008 ) to explicate the intersections between engineering, community and the direction of information communicating engineerings ( ICT ) in the context of the CCA and the Eye Care bringing theoretical account adopted by the private health care participants i.e. the non-governmental administrations ( NGOs ) . Harmonizing to the TCM theoretical account ( Lee & A ; Chib, 2008 ) , the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement â€Å" will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions. † Culture-Centered Approach Globalization has led to an increasing realization that the Biomedical[ 6 ]theoretical account of health care is limited in range when prosecuting in issues of planetary wellness ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Dutta ( 2008 ) says that many societies now feel the demand to â€Å" open up the infinites of wellness communicating to the voices of cultural communities † i.e. there is now greater awarness of the demand for better battle with marginalised communities. Culture is dynamic. That civilization has an of import function to play in wellness communicating is better understood today. But this construct began pulling widespread attending merely in the early 1980s, particularly in the U.S. when health care practicians felt a demand to follow multiple schemes to turn to the health-related issues of a multicultural population ( Dutta, 208 ) . â€Å" This helped oppugn the universalist premises of assorted wellness communicating plans † aimed at the developing states and the so called third-world states ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The Culture-Centered Approach was born out of the demand to oppose the dominant attack of wellness communicating, located within the Biomedical theoretical account, where wellness is treated as a â€Å" cosmopolitan construct based on Eurocentric[ 7 ]apprehensions of health-related issues, disease and the intervention of diseases † ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , the CCA is a better alternate to understanding wellness communicating because it is a â€Å" value-centered † attack. The CCA is built on the impression that the â€Å" significances of wellness † can non be cosmopolitan because they are ingrained within cultural contextsm, he argues. The CCA has its roots in three cardinal constructs i.e. ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ . The term ‘culture ‘ refers to the local context within which so called wellness significances are created and dealt with. ‘Structure ‘ encompasses nutrient, shelter, medical services and transportational services that are all critical to the overall health care of assorted members of a community. ‘Agency ‘ points to the â€Å" capacity of cultural members † to negociate the constructions within which they live. It must be noted that ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ and entwined and they do non run in isolation. Dutta ( 2008 ) , in his book Communicating Health, farther elaborates that the CCA throws visible radiation on how the dominant health care political orientation serves the demands of those in power. Powerful members of society create conditions of marginalistaion. Therefore the focal point of the CCA lies in the survey of the intersections between ‘structure, ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture in the context of marginalised communities. To understand better the jobs faced by the marginalised, the CCA advocates the health care practicians engage in duologues with members of the concerned community. Each community has its ain set of narratives to portion and this is critical to understanding the local civilization. The CCA besides aims to document opposition, of any sort, to dominant political orientations as this helps beef up the instance of the CCA against the dominant health care theoretical account. The CCA, harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , provides sufficient range to analyze physician-patient relationships, in a command to finally better the health care bringing theoretical account. Adopting the CCA is merely half your job solved ; the integrating of the CCA with the Extended TCM theoretical account completes the image. The Extended TCM Model The TCM theoretical account ( Lee & A ; Chib, 2008 ) argues that the larger inquiry of societal sustainability depends on both local relevancy and institutional support. The TCM Model proposes that the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement, will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions ( See Figure 1.1 ) . Figure 1.1: The TCM Model. The TCM theoretical account was further revised. Community was subdivided to include: manners of ownership of ICT investings and net incomes ; preparation of community users both in the usage and in engineering direction ; and the basic demands of the community. Furthermore, Sustainability was besides subdivided into fiscal and societal ( see Figure 1.2 ) . RTCM.jpg Figure 1.2: The Revised TCM Model Chib & A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) found that the TCM Model was unequal as it could non analyze the critical issue of exposure. Therefore, their survey improved on this insufficiency by adding important factors and variables associating to exposure. They extended the TCM theoretical account, and called it the Extended Technology-Community-Management ( Extended TCM ) theoretical account ( see Figure1.3 ) . Figure 1.3: The Extended TCM Model This new model on ICT planning histories for community engagement, the direction constituents, the overall design of engineerings such as telemedicine or tele-consultation, and rating of bing exposures in the community where these engineerings are implemented. It identifies four dimensions of exposures act uponing engineering execution among the rural hapless: economic exposure, informational exposure, physiological/psychological exposure, and socio-cultural exposure. Chib & A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) farther explain each dimension of exposure: Physiological and psychological exposures refer to the physical and mental wellbeing of an affected individual, or a specific community. Informational exposure trades with the entree to and handiness of information within affected communities. Informational resources include personal paperss, books and critical informations, sentiment leaders and professional experts, . The deficiency of such resources affects the capablenesss of people who are dependent on them. In a rural scene, informational exposure is farther augmented by the low literacy degrees and deficiency of pertinent â€Å" technological accomplishments necessary to enable the acquisition and processing of information. † The economic exposure is sparked off by the loss of support i.e. a loss of activities that otherwise financially back up families and prolong economic growing in a rural scene. The socio-cultural exposure of communities is dete rmined by â€Å" the construction and values of a given society that define human relationships in communities. † Hierarchies in any society ( gender, race, faith, caste, age and category equalitarianism within communities ) or a community frequently dictate entree to resources and assets, and the decision-making power of people. Cataract Blindness in India At the beginning, one has to understand the agonies of the blind in India, in a rural scene – sightlessness, irrespective of the cause, consequences in a loss of support for an person. In rural India, like elsewhere, this would interpret into one less gaining member in the household, doing the unsighted individual a load to his/her household. This leads to a loss of self-respect and position in the household. In consequence, blind people in rural India, like in many other societies, are marginalized. Enter Aravind and LVPEI, who continue to endeavor to assist blind people in rural India and authorise them by giving them back their sight. There are many causes of sightlessness, like Diabetes for case. But Cataract is one of the prima causes of sightlessness in the underdeveloped universe. Records in India show that Cataract is the most important cause of sightlessness in the state ( Nirmalan et al. 2002 & A ; Murthy et Al. 2001 ) . Cataract, studies say, is responsible for 50 to 80 per cent of the bilaterally blind ( Thulsiraj et al. 2003 & A ; Thulsiraj et Al. 2002 ) .The aged are more at hazard of developing Cataract. India aims to extinguish gratuitous sightlessness by 2020 in line with ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy enterprise ‘ , launched jointly by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Many administrations worldwide are besides working in the way of extinguishing gratuitous sightlessness ( Foster, 2001 ) . The authorities in India and the World Bank launched the Cataract Blindness Control Project in seven provinces across India in 1994.A A From stopping point to 1.2 million cataract surgeries a twelvemonth in the 1980s ( Minassian & A ; Mehra 1990 ) , Cataract surgical end product tripled to 3.9 million per twelvemonth by 2003 ( Jose, 2003 ) . In 2004, World Health Organization ( WHO ) information showed that there was a 25 per cent lessening in blindness prevalence in India ( Resnikoff et al. 2004 ) — the ground ( s ) could be the addition in Cataract surgeries countrywide. But there is a larger job here, that of population growing. The elderly population in India ( those aged over 60 old ages ) population which stood at 56 million people in the twelvemonth 1991 is expected to duplicate by the twelvemonth 2016 ( Kumar, 1997 ) . This ‘greying ‘ of India ‘s population merely suggests that the figure of people ‘at-risk ‘ of developing Cataract is invariably on the rises. In the larger sense, this paper aims to demo how private entrepreneurship in India is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes in that state. This paper aimed to discourse the same through two instance surveies, that of the Aravind Eye Care system every bit good as the L V Prasad Eye Institute ( LVPEI ) . Unfortunately, email correspondence with LVPEI failed to arouse responses from this organisation. Given the restrictions of this survey, including clip restraints, this paper will explicate the Aravind Eye Care system in the context of rural Eye Care in India and the battle against Cataract Blindness – all this within the model of the CCA. Furthermore, this paper will review the concern theoretical account of NGOs like Aravind in the context of the Extended TCM theoretical account, including whether for-profit administrations are utilizing the rural multitudes to back up their concern theoretical account. In peculiar, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind Eye Care Dr. G. Venkataswamy had a really simple vision when he foremost setup Aravind Eye Care in 1976: â€Å" Eradicate gratuitous sightlessness at least in Tamil Nadu, his place province, if non in the full state of India. † Aravind began as an 11-bed private clinic in the laminitis ‘s brother ‘s house in the southern Indian metropolis of Madurai. Today, the Aravind Eye Hospital ( AEH ) at Madurai is a 1,500 bed infirmary. In add-on to Madurai, there are four more AEHs in Tamil Nadu ( Aravind.org ) with a combined sum of over 3,500 beds. By 2003 the Aravind Eye Care System as we know it today was up and running. The System continues to run under the auspices of a non-profit-making trust named the Govel Trust – it comprises of a fabrication installation ( for fabricating man-made lenses, suturas, and pharmaceuticals related to oculus attention ) ; oculus infirmaries ; instruction and preparation ( graduate institute of ophthalmology ) ; research installations ( complete with an oculus bank ) ; ) and a centre for community outreach plans ( Prahlad, 2004 ) . A typical twenty-four hours at Aravind now has physicians executing about 1,000 surgeries including free surgeries ; 5-6 outreach cantonments in rural countries where about 1,500 people are examined and near to 300 people are brought to an AEH for oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . How does Aravind make it? The administration has setup ‘vision centres ‘ or clinics in distant small towns, fitted with basic oculus attention equipment. Each clinic is manned by an ophthalmic helper and â€Å" these clinics perform basic scrutinies ; order disciplinary lenses and handle minor complaints. † If an oculus complaint can be cured by the application of oculus beads, these clinics are equipped to make so. For more complicated instances, such as Cataract Blindness, the patient consults an eye doctor based at an AEH in a nearby metropolis via the videoconferencing path. If the patient needs disciplinary surgery, he/she is asked to skip onto a coach waiting outside the ‘vision Centre ‘ that takes them to the nearest Aravind basal infirmary. The patients are operated upon the undermentioned twenty-four hours ; they spend a twenty-four hours in post-operative attention and so take a coach back to their small towns — all free of cost ( Laks, 2009 ) .[ 8 ] But it was n't all gung-ho in the beginning ; more difficult work than anything else. There was no specific Outreach squad. A Everyone in the pool was asked to take part in Outreach programme. A † In the beginning ( in 1976-77 ) Dr. V and a little squad would see small towns and behavior oculus testing cantonments. Those who required Cataract surgery would so be advised to see the base infirmary for surgery. But Dr.V found that a bulk of those advised to undergo surgery would dropout, owing to socio-economic factors like fright of surgery ; deficiency of trust on Restoration of sight ; no money to pass for conveyance, nutrient and station operative medical attention and ( their ) opposition to western medical specialty, † harmonizing to the caput of Outreach activities at Aravind, R. Meenakshi Sundaram in his electronic mail response to my questions. These barriers were bit by bit addressed through assorted schemes. â€Å" We decided to affect small town heads and local organisations to take ownership of the Outreach programmes, in footings of placing the right location for the Eye Camp and supplying the needed support installations. Their aid was cardinal to community mobilisation. We organized a squad to standardise the quality in Eye Care service bringing. Furthermore, Dr. V focussed his attending on edifice infirmaries like one ‘s place where we usually expect basic civilization and values, † said Mr. Sundaram. â€Å" Fear of surgery was a common barrier in add-on to other factors. Possibly the credence for surgery was low in the beginning. But it was invariably explained at the community degree whenever cantonments were organized as the programme aims to function people at big. Particularly, in the twelvemonth 1992 the Intra Ocular Lens ( IOL ) was introduced and the rural community did non believe in holding a ‘foreign atom ‘ in their eyes. We came across a batch of myths. Those issues were addressed thru guidance, † added Mr. Sundaram. Recognizing the impact of guidance, a cell was developed within the System in 1992 and seven counselors were trained in the first batch of counselors ‘ preparation. They were given a basic orientation about common oculus jobs with a particular focal point on IEC. ‘Patient counselors ‘ i.e. patients who had undergone oculus surgery were asked to assist the Outreach squad. â€Å" They played their function in explicating oculus jobs in the local linguistic communication and tried to assist others recognize the effects of neglecting to accept surgery. Sing the myths, a existent IOL was used as instruction stuff to assist the rural common people understand the construct of the IOL, † Mr Sundaram said. The figure of counselors has steadily risen of all time since and stands at 179 at nowadays. How is the Aravind Eye Care System possible? Fiscal self-sustainability was the primary focal point from twenty-four hours one at Aravind. Initially, the organisation was given a grant by the authorities to assist subsidise the intervention costs for oculus cantonment patients ( Prahlad, 2004 ) and the Govel Trust besides pledged belongingss to raise money from Bankss in the early yearss. Prahlad ( 2004 ) states that the Madurai AEH, the first, was ever self-supporting every bit far as repeating outgos were concerned. Within the first five old ages of operation, the Madurai AEH had accumulated excess grosss for farther development and for the building of four other infirmaries in the Tamil Nadu province. He adds that over the old ages, the patient grosss generated from its five infirmaries located in five metropoliss finance the Aravind Eye Care System to a great extent. Furthermore, Aravind has besides taken to the management-contract path and it manages two infirmaries outside of its home-state. While metropolis common people are charged market rates for each consultancy and for surgery, patients in distant small towns pay merely Rs. 20 for three consultancies or SGD 0.60. ( TED, 2009 ) . Those who can afford to pay, the urban common people who visit Aravind ‘s infirmaries in urban locations on their ain, do non acquire discounted rates. Such a system of cross-subsidies ensures that merely 45 percent wage while the remainder are non charged at all i.e. about five out of every 10 patients examined at Aravind can be provided free oculus attention, including oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . A cross-subsidising fiscal theoretical account is non the lone mantra[ 9 ]to Aravind ‘s success. Having been in the concern of presenting quality Eye Care for over three decennaries now, the System is well-positioned to leverage on the Aravind brand-name to pull contributions. Over the old ages, the organisation has received international acknowledgment for its work and this includ es the 2008 Gates Award for Global Health, and this twelvemonth ‘s Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize that carries a US $ 1.5 million hard currency award. Last but non the least is the money that flows into Aravind in the signifier of specific project-funding. One such patron is the London-based ‘Seeing Is Believing ‘ ( SiB ) Trust, a coaction between Standard Chartered Bank and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Since 2003, ‘Seeing is Believing ‘ has grown from a staff enterprise to raise adequate money to fund a cataract operation for each member of the Bank to a US $ 40 million planetary community enterprise. I wrote to Standard Chartered Bank ( SCB ) inquiring them why they decided to spouse with Aravind and LVPEI. â€Å" LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, every bit good as Aravind Eye Hospital are premier oculus attention institutes in the state. India has a huge geographic spread and both these establishments work in different geographic zones of the state. LVPEI is outstanding in the south-eastern provinces of the state while Aravind is outstanding in the southern provinces of India, † said Pratima Harite, Manager ( Sustainability ) , Corporate Affairs- India in her electronic mail response to my questions. The principle behind the India Consortium Project is the ‘vision Centre ‘ concept – that a important proportion of oculus jobs corrected or detected at the primary attention degree has significant nest eggs to the person and to the communities. â€Å" Based on the success of LVPEI ‘s Vision Centre theoretical account, the India Consortium Project p roposed scaling up the development of Vision Centres in a coordinated affair in six provinces across the state. For this, LVPEI sought support from four key implementing spouses – Prime Minister oculus attention establishments themselves across the state, † added Ms. Harite. Singapore ‘s Temasek Foundation ( TF ) part-funds SiB activities in India, peculiarly in capacity edifice i.e. in heightening the preparation constituent of the SiB programme. Is this a feasible concern theoretical account? Aravind has perfected the theoretical account over the last three decennaries. They have the engineering, behind the picture audience, in topographic point – â€Å" a low-priced radio long-distance web ( WiLDNet ) † put together by the Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions ( TIER ) research group at the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.[ 10 ]This was done to get the better of the issue of zero internet connectivity or decelerate connexions that do non back up picture audiences in distant small towns ( Laks, 2009 ) . In 2004, a nomadic new wave with satellite connectivity was introduced to ease Tele-Consultations. The Indian Space Research Organisation ‘s ( ISRO )[ 11 ]aid was sought to this extent. The ‘vision Centres ‘ can easy pass on with the base infirmary ( some 30 to 40 kilometers. ) via orbiter. These ‘vision Centres ‘ efficaciously address the issue of handiness, affordability and handiness of quality Eye Care. â€Å" A series of Centres were started across the Tamil Nadu province. Each base infirmary is connected with a group of vision Centres. At present, we have 10 ‘vision Centres ‘ that operate on WiFi. The remainder tally on BSNL[ 12 ]broadband connexions, † Mr Sundaram said. Aravind has the bringing system in topographic point. A sound apprehension of the local civilization that in many instances is antipathetic to western medical specialty and where contemporary medical specialty is non the first and lone option to handle any disease or complaint. Why would a villager trust a physician who drives down one all right forenoon and says he would wish to run upon them? Aravind Begins by naming a voluntary group for each community ; some of these voluntaries are farther trained to function as ophthalmic helpers and even as nurses in Aravind ‘s infirmaries. In a rural scene, rural common people trust their friends, neighbours, and their ain people foremost. It is about making ownership to the job, like Mr. Sundaram said, and so partnering with the community to work out the job. Aravind ‘s fiscal consequences for the twelvemonth 2008-09 were healthy. It raked in ( income ) US $ 22 million and spent ( outgo and depreciation ) US $ 13 million.[ 13 ] Discussion That Aravind and other NGOs working in a similar way, like LVPEI for case, utilize the Culture-Centered Approach, as elaborated by Dutta ( 2008 ) , in presenting quality oculus attention to rural India is rather clear. Aravind, in peculiar, has successfully integrated the CCA with the Technology-Communication-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account, as elaborated by Lee & A ; Chib ( 2008 ) to make a sustainable theoretical account for Eye Care bringing. ‘Accessibility ‘ and ‘affordability ‘ are the cardinal factors in such health care theoretical accounts. In taking this path, one has to guarantee that the engineerings chosen for the occupation are cost-efficient and easy to implement because capital outgo and operational outgo do play a critical function in finding the cost of health care services. Aravind has been able to maintain the cost of Eye Care bringing considerable low systematically for many old ages now. Critics argue that organisations like Aravind are feeding-off their theoretical account. At this point, it is of import to understand the ground-realities. In India, the divide between the urban ‘haves ‘ , and the rural ‘have-nots ‘ is merely acquiring wider with each go throughing twelvemonth. Harmonizing to UN projections released 2008, â€Å" India would urbanise at a much slower rate than China and have, by 2050, 45 % of its population still populating in rural countries † ( Lederer, 2008 ) . The Government in India is non making plenty to turn to the overplus of wellness issues that plague [ the assorted parts and communities in ] the state. The flagship strategy to better health care services in rural India, the National Rural Health Mission — launched in 2005 as a seven-year programme — has many of its ends yet to be achieved, and the authorities is now sing widening it to 2015, harmonizing to recent media studies. Despite many a au thorities claims and many a authorities schemes several small towns in provinces across India continue to depend on the private sector for quality health care or in this instance Eye Care. Give this state of affairs, Aravind and LVPEI ‘s work in the way of supplying low-cost Eye Care and free oculus surgeries to five out of every 10 patients they examine is a applaudable effort. A 2nd inquiry raised in this survey is, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind is making its portion in circulating cognition to the grass-roots. Most ophthalmic helpers who adult male the ‘vision centres ‘ are community members trained by Aravind. But one has to understand that the act of cognition airing in a distant rural scene has its challenges i.e. undertaking illiteracy, basic consciousness among others and these challenges can non be addres sed in merely a few old ages. The India Consortium Project, sponsored by SCB and Temasek Foundation, set a mark to put up 40 ‘vision Centres ‘ by 2010. So far, 32 ‘vision Centres ‘ are operational and the staying will be operational this twelvemonth, harmonizing to Ms. Harite. On the impudent side, a survey by Murthy et Al. ( 2008 ) argues that the ends of the ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy ‘ inaugural to extinguish Cataract sightlessness in India by the twelvemonth 2020 may non be achieved. But this should non discourage those working in this way. Both the populace and the private sector must go on to contend Cataract Blindness because that is the lone manner to undertake the job at manus. Last but non the least, this survey recommends that NGOs runing in the health care infinite expression at both the CCA and the TCM theoretical account to guarantee better service bringing.

Support Children and Young People’s Health and Safety Essay

1.1 Describe how current health and safety legislation; policies and procedures are implemented in the setting. Any policy or procedure, which defines or relates to the health and safety of all individuals in a school, is written in compliance with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 as this is the legislation and by law must be abided by. Legislation Legislations are set by the law and are adhered to by making rules, policies and procedures for anywhere that is required to follow them, such as in a school setting. The head teacher is responsible for health and safety legislation, ensuring the school meets the objectives which are set out within its own policies and that the procedures are actively applied and updated regularly and revised, also that all health and safety guidance issued by the local authority is available to all staff and that the appropriate training is offered to help the staff perform these tasks. To ensure the environment is safe for the children the legislation requires risk assessments to be carried out at regular intervals for each room and outside space they use. This ensures all equipment is well maintained, age appropriate and safe to use and ensuring good hygiene standards are met. The law provides a number of different acts, which must be followed by schools in order to make sure children and its staff, are kept safe. Some of the current legislations in place at the moment are: Health and Safety at work Act 1974 The children’s Act 1989 RIDDOR 2013 COSHH 2002 UN Convention on rights of child Read more:  Essay on Children Health and Safety The health and safety at work act is implemented in my school, this ensures that not only the children are kept safe and out of danger but also the staff within the school too. The staff also need to know what they need to do in order to keep themselves and the children safe from any dangers they could/ may find around the school the school. They are required to report any hazards they find to the relevant person, follow the schools safety policy, make sure that their actions do not harm themselves or others, use any safety equipment provided and ensure all equipment is safe and appropriate. The school by law is required to have a health and safety policy, this gives information to all staff to make sure the school is kept as safe as possible. All new staff joining the school is provided with relevant training in health and safety and what to do in an emergency. There is also a health and safety policy for staff, which they must read and sign to agree to adhere to all points in the p olicy. Staff must ensure that any actions, which they take, are not likely to cause any harm or dangers to others within the school. This will include cleaning and tidying up of any equipment after use to ensure there is no risk of any potential risk occurring. For various jobs within the school such as handling food, doing experiments or attending to first aid incidents protective and safety equipment is provided and must be worn. This will be wearing plastic gloves and aprons whilst handling food to stop contamination, wearing Hi Viz jackets when off site to ensure staff and children are fully visible at all times. When using any materials and equipment within the classroom there are certain safety regulations they must meet to ensure they are fully safe and usable. Here are a couple of examples: The children’s act 1989 stipulates that as a school we must protect the children as far as we can when they are in our care and prevent any risks, which may occur. In my school this is implemented by ensuring all staff remain vigilant at all times by removing any risks such as coats and lunch boxes on the floor or in corridors, chairs left sticking out or wet floors where anyone can slip over. These risks can easily be removed ensuring a  safe environment is maintained, but some hazards are not able to be as easily removed so all staff need to be aware of the procedures of reporting concerns through management. The act also allows children to be healthy by having a fruit as a free snack and ensuring fruit and vegetables are available as a choice at dinner times, this encourages them to have their 5 a day. It requires children not only to be safe but to feel safe within their school environment this is ensured by having locked gates and CCTV on all gates ensuring only those permitted are allowed on the grounds. The school has an obligation under this act to ensure all staff are fully CRB checked, qualified and given regular training to ensure they keep to date with the ever changing legislations and policies. RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences). This is a legislation regarding reporting and record keeping of injuries. It sets out which illness and injuries need to be reported to the Health and safety executive or the local authority. It is set out within the schools health and safety policy the procedures, which need to be followed for these occurrences, and the legislation sets out which ones need reporting. Every school needs to have an accident book and injuries need to be documented in there. COSHH (The control of substances Hazardous to health regulations). The use of hazardous substances within schools can present hazards to staff and children so measures need to be put in place to eliminate any injuries occurring. The legislation also states that when using any hazardous chemicals protective clothing and equipment must be provided and used. Every school must be COSHH compliant. The picture below shows examples of Hazard symbols which will be visible on any hazardous chemicals and defines which ones need to be kept in a locked cupboard as may cause an injury. The UN convention on rights of a child is a treaty, which was drawn up by the governments worldwide to promise all children the same rights no matter who they are or where they come from. This is implemented in the school by ensuring all equipment and materials used are targeted for the specific age, so age and stage appropriate. This will also include making sure the desks and chairs are the correct size for the age of the children. Policies Schools must have policies to ensure the children and staffs are kept safe. There are many different policies within a school, which they draw up as their own guidelines for how the legislation is to be followed on the school premises. Some of the policies that are in place to set out how to adhere to the health and safety act are: Accident and Incident policy Site security Policy Visitors to the school Hazardous substances Policy Vehicular movement on site policy Critical incident policy Procedures Wherever there is a policy in place there will always be procedures in place too, these are set to show and tell you how the policy will be adhered to. This is quite clearly shown within the fire policy, it shows exactly what must happen in case of a fire or a drill and where everyone needs to meet and who needs to do what to ensue a safe exit is made by all. 1.2 Describe how health and safety is monitored and maintained in the setting. Health and safety is monitored and maintained in a number of ways within the school, there is a Health and safety policy, which all staff are given and must read, they are required to sign to declare they understand and will  fully comply to it. This will outline their main areas of responsibilities and the procedures for doing so. Staff training needs to be kept current and up to date so any amendments in the legislation or policies need to be passed on and implemented by all staff members quickly. Risk assessments are carried out regularly by the schools health and safety officer, this is done every six months to ensure all tools, equipment and the environment are fully safe and compliant. All electrical equipment should have the annual up to date approved PAT tested sticker on to confirm it is safe to use. Fire extinguishers should be checked annually and recorded on the outside of it. These tests ensure the equipment is fully maintained and fit for purpose. On a daily basis all staff should remain vigilant to prevent any hazards occurring, by constant monitoring and the removal of any dangers will ensure a safe and healthy environment for the children to learn in. Dangers can be coats and lunch boxes lying on the floor causing a trip hazard, water on the floor from the sink, chairs being left out, the classroom being at the wrong temperature or defected furniture. These are all dangers, which can easily be removed, but some hazards will need reporting and these should be recorded and reported immediately before an accident or incident occurs. A risk assessment is always carried out before any out of school visit can take place. This will ascertain what could go wrong and how that can be prevented. The school has a school trip policy and within that are procedures to follow if certain instances were to occur. Within the assessment it will outline all responsibilities for all members of staff attending on the visit Fire drills are practised every six months to ensure everyone in the school knows and adheres to the policy and fully follows all the procedures which are in place to ensure a quick and safe exit is made from the building to the specified fire meeting place. Regular staff meeting are held, where health and safety is always top priority on the agenda. Staff are reminded of any issues and informed of  any specific hazard, which may have arisen. Audits are always done on accidents and incidents, this is to monitor why and how they have occurred and what preventative measures can be put in place to minimise the risks of them reoccurring. 1.3 Describe how people in the setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely All staff need to be aware of and are responsible for being vigilant at all times on health and safety matters. They need to be aware of the procedures of reporting concerns through management. Health and safety should be on the agenda and discussed at all staff meetings, any concerns, which are raised, should be dealt with immediately. Staff at all times should be visually monitoring, checking fire doors are clear, shelves are safe, equipment is safe and fit for use, etc. Safety checks should be routinely carried out on a regular basis. The head teacher should have a regular walk around to check there are no hazards, which have gone unreported. If a hazard is found then the correct procedures should be followed, reported and dealt with as soon as possible. All electrical equipment is required to be PAT tested annually and display an approved sticker on it confirming its safe to use and the date the test is next due. If the equipment is past its inspection date the equipment should not be used and a notice put on it saying, â€Å" do not use†. PAT test needs to be carried out by a qualified electrician, Fire extinguishers also need to be checked annually and the date of all checks and maintenance should be recorded and labelled on them. Staff and others in the school need to think about health and safety at all times, if there is a spillage a wet floor sign needs to be immediately placed around the area to warn people of the slip hazard. The spillage can then be cleaned up as soon as possible. The school is required to carry out annual risk assessment to ascertain which areas of the school are most  hazardous and ensure every measure is taken to minimise the risk of any accidents occurring. The school has a health and safety policy, which sets guidelines the staff, must follow relating to all health and safety issues within the school, procedures are quite clearly set ensuring all staff are fully aware of what they need to do if an incident or emergency was to occur. This ensures the school is a safe as possible environment. All new staff are provided with a copy of this policy which they must read and sign to agree to abide by it all times. They are given health and safety training and told what they need to do in emergencies.. All staff working in school has the responsibility to ensure that children are cared for and safe. The Children’s Act 1989 requires that we protect children as far as we can when they are in our care. By taking a balanced approach to risk management will ensure we are abiding by this act. Children as well as staff in school need to be aware of risks and hazards and are taught to keep themselves as safe as possible. There are a variety of ways in school we teach and show the children about health and safety issues they need to be aware of, here are a few: Posters around the school on hygiene Safety and hazard symbols they need to be aware of Allowing the children to take part in carrying out the risk assessments Signs around the school they need to adhere to Ensuring they know what and when to report issues to adults Hand washing pictures I the toilet PSCO visits to teach the children about stranger danger Fire officers to teach children about fire risks and how to leave a building quickly and safely in the event of a fire. Schools have eco warriors to help look after the environment ensuring it is safe and secure at all times Teaching they know about balanced risk management.

Leadership The 9 Biggest Mistakes a Leader Can Make

Leadership The 9 Biggest Mistakes a Leader Can Make As part of an ActionCOACH work day last month, we viewed an enlightening video  on leadership mistakes put together by Harvard Business Publishing. Nine business leaders were asked what they considered the biggest mistake a leader can make. Their answers are very revealing. The video was created in August 2010, and when I think back to the news about business and government leaders over the past seven years, I can line up those successes and failures to one or more of the insights below. I can also see where I personally am succeeding and where I can use some improvement. Most of these leadership mistakes can be classified under the category of either hubris/arrogance or lack of integrity. I have summarized them for you here (Stylistic note: I chose to use the words and phraseology of each leader rather than be completely consistent with the structure of each answer. I hope you’ll forgive me this one time!) Which of these leadership errors speaks most to you? Bill George, Harvard Business School The biggest mistake you can make as a leader is to put your own self-interest in front of the interest of the organization you run. If you’re looking out for your own money, power, fame, and glory, that’s wrong. Leaders have a deep responsibility to all constituencies they represent – customers, employees, shareholders, etc. – to carry that responsibility out. Leadership is not about your own fame and glory. It’s a responsibility. Evan Wittenburg, Head of Global Leadership Development, Google, Inc. Betraying trust. If you break that one, nothing else will matter. Ellen Langer, Professor, Harvard University Being certain. When we confuse the stability of our mindset with the stability of the underlying phenomenon, we act as if we know. When you think you know, you don’t pay any attention any longer. Uncertainty should be the rule. Exploit the power in uncertainty. Andrew Pettigrew, Professor, Said Business School, University of Oxford Not living up to their values. Leaders who espouse values but don’t deliver them are very often found out, and rapidly turned over. Gianpiero Petriglieri, Affiliate Professor of Organizational Behavior, INSEAD Don’t be so overly enamored with your own vision that you lose capacity for self-doubt. Passion and purpose (positive traits) can sometimes turn into obsession. You become vulnerable if you lose the capacity to see consequences, to look at potential downfalls, other ways things can be, or voices you might be disenfranchising. Carl Sloane, Professor Emeritus, Harvard Business School Personal arrogance/hubris. Confusing the size or success of the enterprise with the individual’s persona. That creates greater social distance and power distance, which is demotivating for most organizations and people, and which increases the chance of making big mistakes. Jonathan Doochin, Leadership Institute at Harvard College Acting too fast. Executing before thinking through the issue. In corporate America and often government, you’re often drinking through a fire hose of issues, with little time to step back, evaluate, and reenter with vision. The best thing a leader can do is take a step back with their management team, seek advice, think it through, then move back to execution. This solves issues in the short term and is also good for long-term strategy. Scott Snook, Professor, Harvard Business School As humans, we’ll accept almost any leadership style as long as it’s consistent. We will sniff out two things: 1) when it’s all about the leader. It has to be about something larger than yourself. 2) not being authentic, consistent, predictable, or in integrity. Our greatest fear is when we have to ask, â€Å"Which one (personality) is coming in today?† Like Jekyll and Hyde. As long as there’s consistency, and it’s about something greater than the leader, we’ll respect that leader. Daisy Wademan Dowling, Executive Director, Leadership Development at Morgan Stanley Not being self-reflective. Not reviewing your own behavior, how to develop yourself, and how your behavior affects other people. You must be willing to hold a mirror to yourself and look at what effect your leadership is having on others. The worst leaders bulldoze forward, make mistakes and don’t look back, not learning as they go or being self-aware about how they’re affecting the people around them. While there are many more blunders a leader can make, it seems all of them fall under one of the leadership mistakes identified above. For instance, making a company all about making money, and losing sight of the underlying values is a mistake. I believe it falls under #1, #6, and probably #9 as well. The tendency toward focusing on money over all else is a sign of getting caught up in a game that ultimately is not satisfying to win. Mistakes are bound to be made. Working too hard to please others is also a mistake; it falls under #4 and #8. If you’re not following your inner compass, you won’t be consistent or trustworthy in sticking to your own values. The potential mistakes I want to focus on are consistency and following the values I espouse. Sometimes I am afraid I am being that Jekyll Hyde personality. I write so much about leadership to remind myself how to stay in integrity with my own vision of how I want to lead. I don’t always succeed, but I always do #9 – self-reflection! I’d love to hear your stories of your own leadership wins and failures, or how you see the leaders around you have succeeded or made mistakes in the areas above. Please share!

Biography of Lorenzo de Medici

Biography of Lorenzo de' Medici Lorenzo de’ Medici, (January 1, 1449 – April 8, 1492) was a Florentine politician and one of the most prominent patrons of arts and culture in Italy. During his reign as de facto leader of the Florentine Republic, he held together political alliances while sponsoring artists and encouraging the peak of the Italian Renaissance. Fast Facts: Lorenzo de' Medici Known For: Statesman and de facto leader of Florence whose reign coincided with a boom in the Italian Renaissance, thanks largely to his patronage of arts, culture, and philosophy.Also Known As: Lorenzo the Magnificent Born: January 1, 1449 in Florence, Republic of Florence (modern-day Italy)Died: April 8, 1492 at Villa Medici at Careggi, Republic of FlorenceSpouse: Clarice Orsini (m. 1469)Children: Lucrezia Maria Romola (b. 1470), Piero (b. 1472), Maria Maddalena Romola (b. 1473), Giovanni (b. 1475), Luisa (b. 1477), Contessina Antonia Romola (b. 1478), Giuliano (b. 1479); also adopted nephew Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (b. 1478)Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What I have dreamed in an hour is worth more than what you have done in four.†Ã‚   Medici Heir Lorenzo was a son of the Medici family, who held political power in Florence but also held power by virtue of the Medici Bank, which was the most powerful and respected bank in all of Europe for many years. His grandfather, Cosimo de’ Medici, cemented the family’s role in Florentine politics, while also spending a great deal of his vast fortune on building up the city-state’s public projects and its arts and culture. Lorenzo was one of five children born to Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici and his wife, Lucrezia (nee Tournabuoni). Piero was at the center of Florence’s politics scene and was an art collector, while Lucrezia was a poet in her own right and befriended many philosophers and fellow poets of the era. Because Lorenzo was deemed the most promising of their five children, he was brought up from a young age with the expectation that he would be the next Medici ruler. He was tutored by some of the top thinkers of the day and accomplished some notable achievements- such as winning a jousting tournament- while still a youth. His closest associate was his brother, Giuliano, who was the handsome, charming â€Å"golden boy† to Lorenzo’s plainer, more serious self. The Young Ruler In 1469, when Lorenzo was twenty years old, his father died, leaving Lorenzo to inherit the work of ruling Florence. Technically, the Medici patriarchs did not rule the city-state directly, but instead were statesmen who â€Å"ruled† via threats, financial incentives, and marriage alliances. Lorenzo’s own marriage took place the same year he took over from his father; he married Clarice Orsini, the daughter of a nobleman from another Italian state. The couple went on to have ten children and one adopted son, seven of whom survived to adulthood, including two future popes (Giovanni, the future Leo X, and Giulio, who became Clement VII). From the very beginning, Lorenzo de’ Medici was a major patron of the arts, even more so than others in the Medici dynasty, which always place a high value on the arts. Although Lorenzo himself rarely commissioned work, he often connected artists with other patrons and helped them get commissions. Lorenzo himself was also a poet. Some of his poetry- often concerned with the human condition as a combination of the bright and lovely alongside the melancholy and temporary- survives to this day. Artists who enjoyed Lorenzo’s patronage included some of the most influential names of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. In fact, Lorenzo and his family even opened their home to Michelangelo for three years while he lived and worked in Florence. Lorenzo also encouraged the development of humanism through the philosophers and scholars in his inner circle, who worked to reconcile the thought of Plato with Christian thought. The Pazzi Conspiracy Because of the Medici monopoly over Florentine life, other powerful families vacillated between alliance and enmity with the Medici. On April 26, 1478, one of those families came close to toppling the Medici reign. The Pazzi conspiracy involved other families, such as the Salviati clan, and was backed by Pope Sixtus IV in an attempt to overthrow the Medici. On that day, Lorenzo was attacked, along with his brother and co-ruler Giuliano, in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Lorenzo was wounded but escaped with minor wounds, in part thanks to the assistance and defense of his friend, the poet Poliziano. Giuliano, however, was not as lucky: he suffered a violent death by stabbing. The response to the attack was swift and harsh, both on the part of the Medici and Florentines themselves. The conspirators were executed, and members of their families were also severely punished. Giuliano left behind an illegitimate son, Giulio, who was adopted and raised by Lorenzo and Clarice. Since the conspirators acted with the blessing of the pope, he attempted to seize Medici assets and excommunicated all of Florence. When that failed to bring Lorenzo around, he tried allying with Naples and launched an invasion. Lorenzo and the citizens of Florence defended their city, but the war took its toll, as some of Florence’s allies failed to come to their aid. Eventually, Lorenzo personally traveled to Naples to forge a diplomatic solution. He also commissioned some of Florence’s best artists to travel to the Vatican and paint new murals in the Sistine Chapel, as a gesture of reconciliation with the pope. Later Rule and Legacy Although his support for culture would ensure his legacy was a positive one, Lorenzo de’ Medici made some unpopular political decisions too. When alum, a hard-to-find but important compound for making glass, textiles, and leather, was discovered in nearby Volterra, the citizens of that city asked Florence for help mining it. However, a dispute soon arose when the citizens of Volterra realized the real value of the resource and wanted it for their own city, rather than the Florentine bankers assisting them. A violent insurrection resulted, and the mercenaries Lorenzo sent to end it sacked the city, permanently marring Lorenzo’s reputation. For the most part, though, Lorenzo attempted to rule peacefully; the cornerstone of his policy was to maintain a balance of power among the Italian city-states and to keep outside European powers out of the peninsula. He even maintained good trading ties with the Ottoman Empire. Despite his efforts, the Medici coffers were drained by their spending and by bad loans their bank supported, so Lorenzo began trying to fill the gaps through misappropriations. He also brought the charismatic friar Savonarola to Florence, who preached about the destructive nature of secular art and philosophy, among other things. The sensationalist friar would, in a few years’ time, help salvage Florence from French invasion, but would also lead to the end of Medici rule. Lorenzo de’ Medici died at the Villa Medici at Careggi, on April 8, 1492, reportedly dying peacefully after hearing the day’s Scripture readings. He was buried in the Church of San Lorenzo, alongside his brother Giuliano. Lorenzo left behind a Florence that would soon overthrow Medici rule- although his son and his nephew would eventually return the Medici to power- but he also left behind a rich and vast legacy of culture that came to define Florence’s place in history. Sources Kent, F.W. Lorenzo de’ Medici and the Art of Magnificence. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2004.â€Å"Lorenzo de’ Medici: Italian Statesman.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorenzo-de-Medici.Parks, Tim. Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2008.Unger, Miles J. Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Simon Schuster, 2009.

With Funny Quotes, Selfie Addiction May Not Be Such a Bad Thing

With Funny Quotes, Selfie Addiction May Not Be Such a Bad Thing If you havent already joined the selfie brigade, you are missing something. Even as we speak, selfies are being clicked and uploaded on every possible social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr. According to some surveys, over 1 million selfies are uploaded each day! And the number will continue to increase, as more and more people get tech savvy. Who Are These People  That Are Clicking Selfies? Who isnt? Right from your neighbor to Michelle Obama, to the Pope... everyone is clicking selfies. And why wouldnt they? It is fun to pout and pose in front of a camera, and show your flattering side without being self-conscious. With the availability of various apps in the market, you can enhance your appearance to give Angelina Jolie or Daniel Craig a run for their money. Selfie addicts often go through great pains to get the picture perfect. Many take multiple pictures until they zero in on the right one. Some go to the extent of clicking over a hundred images until they get the right pout. Selfies Are Not Just to Pout and Shoot; They Make a Statement I wonder what would Freud have to say about this new self-obsession that has caught on. Is this a narcissistic trend? To a conservative thinker, it might very well seem like a bit of self-obsession. While old school preaches humility, the new generation wants to flaunt and flash with  abandon. The youth has higher self-awareness, and they dont bury their head in the sand. On the contrary, selfies are the right instrument to make a statement. You can portray yourself in various avatars. Selfie Culture May Not Be So Bad After All Are you worried that your teenage son is growing up to be a selfie addict? Do you worry that this overbearing trend of exhibitionism  is eroding social values? Well, lets get real. This is the age of information technology, where you communicate in split seconds. Even as you read this, millions of  bytes of data are being exchanged, ideas germinated, trends created, and new business plans chalked out. Should we not board this gravy train? That said, selfies are a reflection of the changing times. Selfies document the phases of a persons life. Its like keeping an online picture book; except that you allow the world to have access to it. If selfies are created aesthetically, they can tell a story. How to Crack People Up With Your Selfies Nobody wants their selfie to go unnoticed. While going topless may not be your best bet to grab eyeballs, you can try something else instead. The next time you post your duck face, splash a funny quote right across the image. Now, youve got a winner! Who wouldnt want to smile at your selfie when they see your devil-may-care attitude? These funny quotes for selfies are just a beginning. As you get better at this game, you can create your own funny selfie quotes. You can also create cool profile quotes with your selfies. Cute profile quotes will make your selfies  popular. My formula for success is rise early, work late, and strike oil.

Communication Analysis and Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Analysis and Application - Essay Example It has been thought that emotion has no bearing in making an individual do good at anything and as such, irrelevant. Assuming the above notions are valid, one cannot help but wonder why so many smart people are not successful and why many not so smart people succeed. This inquiry is important for me as a student so I can reorient myself on which particular intelligence is more useful to become successful in the future. II. Research Recent studies however has illustrated that IQ is an insufficient predictor of success (Goleman, 1995). As early as 1920, Thorndike has already contended that intelligence is not merely confined to the province of logical-linguistic but extends to the social and emotional dimension. In this study, the bias for IQ as a predictor for success has been questioned given that logical-linguistic intelligence only covers part of of the many intelligence of a person. Since then, emotional intelligence became the subject of study of many organizational behaviorists, managers and psychologists and the research on the subject evolved to become a scientific endeavor that many constructs were developed to test and retest the validity and importance of emotional intelligence. ... He stressed that no matter how educated, intelligent or academically well prepared an individual is, it will not still tantamount to success if an individual lacks the social and emotional ability to manage itself, relate and influence others towards an objective. Gardner even went as afar as claiming that a lack in technical skill is a negligible handicap in making it in life but one can do without emotional intelligence to make it in life. III. Analysis The research enlightened me that emotional intelligence is as important if not more important than cognitive intelligence or IQ. It is so important that without emotional intelligence, an individual cannot succeed no matter how smart or educated a person is. Meanwhile, an individual can also be successful even with minimal IQ for as long as he or she has high EQ. This findings basically tilted the equation favoring more the neglected EQ as more important to succeed in life. More often, we are too focused in our academics as if it is the sole predictor of success that we overlook how we relate to people. The study about emotional intelligence made me realized that I should pay equal attention to my relationships with other people and myself inorder to succeed. My curiosity why there are so many smart people who did not succeed succeed in life was answered by the research. I found out that getting things done is more a function of interpersonal relationship like teamwork, delegation and leadership. The analytical skill brought by traditional IQ can be delegated and is an insufficient determinant of a work outcome. Through this study, I figured out that the main reason why so many smart people