Genetically Modified Food Supply Essays - 1107 Words

The failure of an arithmetically proliferating food supply to meet the demands of an exponentially propagating population has led many scientists and civilians to believe that a genetically modified food supply would be more than ideal. While genetically modified foods have proven to yield more food under cheaper costs, it has also yielded many problems. Concerned researchers believe that a â€Å"Pandora’s lunchbox† has been opened at the dawn of genetic modification technology. (PBS, par 33) Since genetically modified foods are foreign substances to the consumer’s body, the physical response to such foods are generally negative. Moreover, the temptation of an increased profit from a cheap rate of production for genetically modified foods has†¦show more content†¦(Newton, par 68) This triggered unheralded allergic reactions, endangering the lives of many uninformed soy bean consumers who had severe nut allergies. What is even more terrifying is that gen etically modified foods can cause more than allergy conflicts; they can impair body systems, induce cancer and ultimately, cause death. Many vegetables such as potatoes which are genetically modified have natural toxins which are produced upon trigger. Generally, the toxin levels are not sufficient to cause harm to humans who consume them but when such plants are genetically modified, the inserted genes could act as toxin inducers or triggers and poison consumers. The severe consequences of this would be paralysis, permanent damage and sometimes, death. (Newton, par 73) The countless various genes inserted in foods in genetic modification of foods put consumers’ health at risk and the consequences, unclear as well. Not only do these monstrous mutations in food affect people, but it also affects the environment. Many livestock have been abused and mistreated in the creation of these monstrous foods. In the cattle breeding industry, scientists are constantly experiment to acqui re the perfect breed of transgenic cattle. With such low chances of survival, the poor transgenic cattle are being set up for an early, painful deathShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Foods : The Food Supply951 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically Modified 2 The world today is plagued by famine and a shortage of tillable land. Millions worldwide are needlessly starving or suffering from severe malnutrition. Science has come forward and offered a solution to these problems with the development of genetically modified foods that promise to give us more food with enhanced nutritional value, but at what cost?Read MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Food Supply1642 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumer’s food without the world’s communities approval and it still continues today. Genetically modified organisms have contaminated the food supply. â€Å"A GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced in the genes of an unrelated plant or animal† (Seeds of Deception). The results have no health benefits, only financial benefits to the companies that produce them. The genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms : The World Food Supply And The Eminent Danger Of Cancer1949 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to issues as complicated and important as our world food supply and the eminent danger of cancer in our society, everyone seems to have an opinion on different solutions to these problems. While this is completely fine, some will not fully look into the subject areas before they form their own opinions. When people fail to explore all the areas of a certain subject, and are only exposed to one possibly flawed source, their opinion could be unsupported, and therefore inaccurate. A certainRead MoreNon Genetically Modified Food Demand1632 Words   |  7 PagesNon-Genetically Modified Food Demand and Supply and Demand of Food Supply and Restaurants in the United States Genetically modified crops have played an important role in food supply of the United States for nearly two decades. The incentives for producers to use these crops are numerous, such as: an increased resistance to pests and improving the yield of the harvest. While these crops have been accepted as the norm for years, recently more shoppers have become increasingly concerned about whatRead MoreDangers of Genetically Modified Foods1088 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically modified foods are a very dangerous and wasteful process that is given too much thought. This includes allergic reactions to possible intestinal damage, many people want to avoid genetically modified foods because of animal studies that have shown changes in internal cell formation, unusual tumor development, and unanticipated passing of life that have occurred, as well as altered the number of cells that regulated the immune system for the body. Research has shown that a growth inRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Are Dangerous1473 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of genetically modified foods. Many people have a bad first impression of genetically modified foods because they have the notion that genetically modified crops are not the way nature made them, so they cannot be safe. The biggest group of naysayers is politicians and big name brand companies, such as Whole Foods. Typically, name brands require labelling food products that contain genetically modified crops with a GMO label, making most consumers think that genetically modified crops asRead MoreWhat Does Genetically Modified Crop Mean?1102 Words   |  5 Pagesan excess of food that universe hunger statistics drastically reduce. Many people are grieving from malnutrition, and they do not devour the essential vitamins to exist a wholesome lifestyle? In September a year of 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations state that â€Å"FAO calculates that a total number of 925 million people of the world undernourished in 2010.† All across the earth, reliable people are languishing due to the shortage of nourishment and food stores. By usingRead MoreEssay on The Many Benefits of Genetically Modified Foods689 Words   |  3 PagesHave you eaten any dairy products lately? If so, theres a large chance you have eaten genetically modified foods without even knowing it. About 70- 80% of all food are genetically modified in the United States (Williams). Genetically modified foods benefit us, economically, environmentally, and health wise. Although they may present health problems, no proof has been shown. GMOs are very new to our world. There have been many protests against them lately as they continue to expand and feed our growingRead MoreMandatory Labeling Of Genetically Modified Foods1726 Words   |  7 PagesMandatory Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods The late nineteenth century brought forth some of the most breakthrough scientific discoveries. One such breakthrough were Genetically Engineered (Modified) Organisms which were initially meant to reduce world hunger by being able to mass produce crops and also allow the produce to have a longer shelf life and be more ripe. However, the increasing methods of germinating crops and new, more compelling evidence from thorough scientific research has ledRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Labeling Legislation Essay934 Words   |  4 Pageseffectively bars federal courts from being able to halt the sale or planting of controversial genetically modified (aka GMO) or genetically engineered (GE) seeds, no matter what health issues may arise concerning GMOs in the future† (â€Å"5 Appalling Facts†)? Genetic engineering allows genetic material to be transferred between any organism, including between plants and animals. Genetically modified foods have been in existenc e since the early 1990s and they are not going away any time soon. In the

Comparing Fortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As...

Fortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As You Like It The medieval world was a complicated place, full of the chain of being, astrological influences, elements and humors. A mans life was supposedly influenced by all manner of externals acting by destiny or chance. Fortune and Nature are two terms that include many of these factors, representing chance and inborn qualities. Shakespeare mentions the two frequently, most notably in an extended dialogue between Rosalind and Celia in As You Like It. Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales also provide many examples of Fortune and Natures combinations in human affairs. His Pardoners Tale, Millers Tale, and Wife of Baths Tale all depend on the effects of these two metaphysical†¦show more content†¦Alisons Nature seems unclear to both John and Absolon, though Nicholas understands her well enough, and finds a Fortunate plan for removing her husband for a night. The Millers contrived yet humorous tale would not work without the complex interaction of the characters individual Natures and the vagaries of Fortune that allow Johns participation in Nicholas plot, Absolons attempted courtship, embarassing failure, and subsequent revenge, and Nicholas pained cry of Water! to unite in the humorous finale. The Wife of Bath arranges a similar juxtaposition for her story. Her lengthy prologue and much of her tale examines the Nature of women -- their behavior in and out of marriage. I wonder, though, how many of her habits result from Fortune as well, from being matched in her first three marriages with rich dotards who she could easily manipulate and control. Fortune throws the tempting maiden in the path of the errant knight -- And happed that, allone as he was born, / He sawgh a maide walking him biforn; / ...By verray force her rafte hir maiden- head. (ll. 891-2,894) Fortune also provides the knights last-minute meeting with the miraculous hag who rescues him -- And in his way it happed him to ride / ...No creature sawgh he that bar lif, / Save on the greene he sawgh sitting a wif. (ll. 995, 1003-4). The fairy hag orates at length on gentilnesse as a property of Nature (inborn quality and obvious action)Show MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesprese nt be identified. No attempt has been made to impose a logical order on the illogicality of the book. Book I In the preface, after some autobiographical material, the author gives his reason for writing the work, which is to shed light on the nature of magic, a secret closely guarded by the ancient philosophers. He adds a summary of the contents of his four books (pp.1-3). This is replaced, in some manuscripts, by a detailed list of contents, arranged by chapter, of which a translation will beRead MoreVideo Notes29279 Words   |  118 PagesW, Four Points, and St. Regis) had its own approach for working with planners. The video presents the problems with the old approach, and includes a point for instructors to â€Å"pause† the video, if desired, to discuss this question: â€Å"What changes do you think Starwood implemented to turn this situation and the meeting planning process into a competitive weapon?† After the break, the video wraps up by showing how Starwood resolved the issues of inconsistency and meeting planner expectations to create

Social and Environmental Communication †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Social and Environmental Communication. Answer: Introduction: The communication system and network technologies are two important aspects of any given company. The two Australian companies, namely, BHP Billiton and 3 Oceans Wine Company, are two companies which require to have a sound communication strategy and the highest network technologies. The most important aspect for any kind of business is that it should have a clear and precise communication stream. The businesses can only flourish if they follow these rules. The companies that are considered for this assignment, BHP Billiton and 3 Oceans Wine Company are the two Australian companies which are the most important and noteworthy Australian company. The communication strategy and the network design of a company is of the utmost importance in this day and age. This paper discusses the method and the procedure by adopting which the two renowned companies of Australia, BHP Billiton and 3 Oceans Wine Company, can improve their business operations. This can ideally be achieved with the help of incorporating changes in the communication system and network elements. BHP Billiton is an Australian company that specializes in multinational mining, metals and is a petroleum company. The company was established in the year 2001, with the merger of two companies, Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) and AngloDutch Billiton plc. The company is one of the largest multi-national mining, petroleum and metals company of the world. The Wide Area Network (WAN) mainly dominates the network design of the company. The WAN is mainly used for companies, which have its business spread out to a wider geographical area. The aspect that the company can concentrate on is improving the service delivery to the clients and the consumers of the business. It should also focus on ensuring an accurate communication between the different businesses and sites of other business of the organization. The expanse of the company demands a strong and clear stream of communication amongst the businesses of the organization. The information and communication technology of the company must be developed. As it is one of the world leader in mining and related industries, BHP Billiton has to keep the information and communication technology absolutely top notch and highly efficient functioning (Kannan et al. 2012). The unified communication system is incredibly important for the company. The organization should bring in a level of change in its integrated communication and information technology so that it can stand up in the competitive race and retain its position in the competition. The communication strategy and the n etwork design of a company is of the utmost importance in this day and age. Since BHP Billiton is one of the largest companies of Australia, the company should find out a way to integrate the communication system over all its business branches (Baghalian, Rezapour and Farahani 2013). Communication strategy: The communication strategy of the company needs to be arranged in a way so that communication remains clear. A proper communication strategy is needed to help the management achieve the overall organizational objectives. It helps to demonstrate the success of a particular company, ensure the work that is done and change the behavior and perceptions of the management as well as the staff. BHP Billiton, being one of the most important and leading companies of Australia, having a robust communication strategy is an important factor in the development and growth of the company (Sheldon et al. 2012). The communication strategy of a company is crucial for the company as it is an important aspect for any particular company to grow and develop. The Australian company, BHP Billiton, should focus its attention on the clear communication claim that exists between the employees and the management as well as amongst the consumers (Soba and Aydin 2013). The company should chalk out an effective pl an to keep the communication stream clear. The company should focus on an effective and clear communication stream between the management, employees and the consumers. The company should aim to bring in a cost-effective communication strategy that proves to be beneficial for the company and increases the productivity and profitability. Since the company is spread out on a large geographical area, a clear and concise communication stream is essential for the company to prosper. The company should concentrate on the communication stream and thus achieve the required level of productivity and profitability (Farahani et al. 2014). The company should provide a full range of marketing and advertising for the image of the company. The company has a very important objective of further expanding and growing the business to a wider geographical area thereby increasing the profits and the revenues. The company needs to have a robust network system to ensure a smooth functioning of its operations. The network design of the company is important for the advancement of the organization. The network design of the Australian company, BHP Billiton, is mainly dominated by the large structure. The company generally uses the Wide Area Network (WAN), which is generally used for the multinational operations. Improving the service delivery to the clients and ensuring a proper communication between the operation sites. The network design of the company should be such so that the gargantuous dimensions of the business can be accommodated. The cost to incorporate an efficient and adequate network settings is of the utmost importance to the company (Lodhia 2012). BHP Billiton should focus its attention on expanding its business and thus expanding the network design and information technologies is also important. The importance of adopting a new communication strategy and new technologies is unequivocal for BHP Billiton. The technical advancement that the company should incorporate, can bring in a positive change for the company. The company can benefit from these changes vastly. The economic benefit of the company by adopting these new changes are manifold. A small time investment on the part of the company can prove to be greatly beneficial for the company in the long run as it is going to help a lot in the smooth functioning and operation of the organization. BHP Billiton is a company that has its operation all across the world (Raupp and Hoffjann 2012). The feasibility of the implementation of these changes can bring in a lot of factors that has to be considered. The technical feasibility is high since the implementation will advance the technological aspect of the company. The economic side of this will have to be taken into consideration. Economically, the inclusion of these changes mig ht be a little difficult but the positive sides should be considered. The economic investment might prove to be beneficial for the company. The company is an international company that is well-known in the mining and related industry in Australia. Therefore, it has many subsidiary businesses that is related to the main business of the company. The company thus requires a plan which can help to move ahead of the competitive race. The management of the company can face a job redundancy with the incorporation of the new changes in the workplace. Although the changes might be beneficial for the company in the long run, many employees can face a job loss with the advent of the new changes in the workplace. The inclusion of new technologies might include processes and techniques like bio-metrics, passwords, multi-step authentication and advanced, next generation firewall (Delgado-Ballester, Navarro and Sicilia 2012). These items can bring in a positive change in the organization. The cost of the inclusion of the new changes in the communication and the information technologies is of a considerable amount. The cost of rebuildin g, training and networking the workforce and the operations of the company is of a considerable amount (Galliers and Leidner 2014). These costs have to be kept in mind while planning for the budget allocation for the company. The security of the company offices also have to be improved (Asad and Dimitrakopoulos 2012). 3 Oceans Wine Company: 3 Oceans Wine Company is an Australian company that is one of the largest wine maker of Australia. The company is renowned for the production of quality wines. It manufactures more than one hundred thousand cases of wine each year. The company produces high quality wine and also has a caf along with the business that helps the organization to bridge the gap between alcohol drinkers and those who do not drink alcohol. Since the company has a lesser geographical area, the network setting of Local Area Network would be sufficient for its business needs. The communication system of the company is focused on developing a positive relation between the company and the client. The ultimate aim of the company is to keep the customers of the company happy (Contreas and Fernndez 2012). The interactions between the clients or the consumers and the company are one of the critical features of ensuring the success of the business. The business of the company relies on a clear and uninterrupted comm unication amongst its employees as well as amongst the clients and the management. The wine company has a vineyard of about 2 hectares. The company has a network design that brings out the aspect of marketing. It puts a lot of emphasis on the enhancement of displaying its products through the media. The company incorporated a caf in its business to appeal to a wider customer base (Mahaboob, Gunasekaran and Nachiappan 2012). 3 Oceans Wine Company, like every other company in the world, should have a robust and effective communication strategy. It is the eighth biggest wine maker on the western side of Australia. In a business, a communication strategy plays an important role as it is important to maintain a clear communication stream amongst the management and the employees of the company (Mazzei 2014). It is also crucial to keep a clear communication between the management and the consumers. An efficient communication strategy is one of the most important components of marketing in the business scenario. The communication strategy is the backbone of the progress and development of the company. The Australian wine company should put more focus in creating a communication strategy that brings out effectively the purpose of progress and advancement of the company (Asgari, Farahani and Goh 2013). The company should put emphasis on the open and efficient communication between the proprietors of the cafs and the management, the store managers and the staff, the workers at the vineyard and the management of the plantation, and so on. The effective and efficient communication between the management and the workforce can ensure a higher productivity and profitability (Rainnie, Fitzgerald and Ellem 2014). The company should ask for the feedback of the consumers so that they can make and present the products in such a way so that the customers remain interested in their products (Hasani, Zegordi and Nikbakhsh 2012). Network design: The network design of the 3 Oceans Wine Company essentially consists of a Local Area Network. The company will have to determine how efficient a particular network is to serve a larger number of clients. This is required to serve the customers better. The network in the company has to be improved so that the productivity and the profitability remains high. A network system provides a channel to unify the different sites in a multinational company or even the company to its clients (Thorson and Moore 2013). A proper system will facilitate efficiency through which business can be transacted between industries and their potential customers. The network settings of a company in the day and age of today must be of the highest standard and quality. A network element is a manageable logical entity that unites one or more physical devises. The network element is an equipment or facility. The company should invest in a short-term network plan which helps the company to produce efficient busin ess and productivity. The company should invest largely in improving the information and communication technology of the organization. This investment will ultimately prove to be beneficial for the company as it is going to ensure a lot of profit and advancement for the company. The company can significantly improve its operations and functions by the inclusion of better network designs (Simmons 2014). The feasibility of the implementation of these changes can bring in a lot of factors that has to be considered. The technical feasibility is high since the implementation will advance the technological aspect of the company. The economic side of this will have to be taken into consideration. Economically, the inclusion of these changes might be a little difficult but the positive sides should be considered. The economic investment might prove to be beneficial for the company. The inclusion of new and better technologies and new communication strategy will have proven to be beneficial for the company. Economically, the company is going to be benefited from these to be feasible for the company. The technical advancement that can come with these changes can changes. In terms of operations, these changes will make everything smooth. These changes, however, can bring in a lot of changes in the dynamics of the workforce and the ratio. With the inclusion of better technologies, many job positions might be redundant for the management of the company to maintain. Thus, it might lead to some loss of jobs for some employees of the company (Hall et al. 2012). The technological changes might improve the security of the company. It can be done with the inclusion of technologies like biometrics, passwords, two step authentication, and advanced, next generation firewall. The cost of including and implementing these changes have to be kept in mind during the process of budgeting and planning out the finances. The cost of rebuilding the operations, training of the employees and networking These costs will ultimately will prove to be beneficial for the company. Conclusion: To sum up, it can be said that a suitable system design proves to be one of the important elements of telecommunication that escorts companies to victory. The communication system and network technologies are two important aspects of any given company. By including an efficient and effective communication strategy and network design, a company can function smoothly and efficiently, achieving all the goals and successes. Through checking on the web designs of companies at a differing level, we cannot miss noticing how a proper network system is vital to ensuring effective communication within a business. The communication system or stream in a company is the backbone of the organization. The business organizations can improve their productivity with the changing of their communication system and the elements of network. This can be achieved by adopting new network technologies and improvements to the management. References: Asad, M.W.A. and Dimitrakopoulos, R., 2012. Performance evaluation of a new stochastic network flow approach to optimal open pit mine design-application at a gold mine.Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,112(7), pp.649-655. Asgari, N., Farahani, R.Z. and Goh, M., 2013. Network design approach for hub ports-shipping companies competition and cooperation.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,48, pp.1-18. Baghalian, A., Rezapour, S. and Farahani, R.Z., 2013. Robust supply chain network design with service level against disruptions and demand uncertainties: A real-life case.European Journal of Operational Research,227(1), pp.199-215. Claeys, A.S. and Cauberghe, V., 2012. Crisis response and crisis timing strategies, two sides of the same coin.Public Relations Review,38(1), pp.83-88. (Clayes and Cauberghe 2012) Contreras, I. and Fernndez, E., 2012. General network design: A unified view of combined location and network design problems.European Journal of Operational Research,219(3), pp.680-697. Delgado-Ballester, E., Navarro, A. and Sicilia, M., 2012. Revitalising brands through communication messages: the role of brand familiarity.European Journal of Marketing,46(1/2), pp.31-51. Farahani, R.Z., Rezapour, S., Drezner, T. and Fallah, S., 2014. Competitive supply chain network design: An overview of classifications, models, solution techniques and applications.Omega,45, pp.92-118. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hall, D., Chong, C.Y., Llinas, J. and II, M.L. eds., 2012.Distributed data fusion for network-centric operations. Crc Press. Hasani, A., Zegordi, S.H. and Nikbakhsh, E., 2012. Robust closed-loop supply chain network design for perishable goods in agile manufacturing under uncertainty.International Journal of Production Research,50(16), pp.4649-4669. Kannan, D., Diabat, A., Alrefaei, M., Govindan, K. and Yong, G., 2012. A carbon footprint based reverse logistics network design model.Resources, conservation and recycling,67, pp.75-79. Lodhia, S., 2012. Web based social and environmental communication in the Australian minerals industry: an application of media richness framework.Journal of Cleaner Production,25, pp.73-85. Mahaboob Sheriff, K.M., Gunasekaran, A. and Nachiappan, S., 2012. Reverse logistics network design: a review on strategic perspective.International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management,12(2), pp.171-194. Mazzei, A., 2014. Internal communication for employee enablement: Strategies in American and Italian companies.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(1), pp.82-95. Rainnie, A., Fitzgerald, S. and Ellem, B., 2014. Global production networks and resources in Western Australia. InResource Curse or Cure?(pp. 93-106). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Raupp, J. and Hoffjann, O., 2012. Understanding strategy in communication management.Journal of Communication Management,16(2), pp.146-161. Sheldon, D., Dilkina, B., Elmachtoub, A.N., Finseth, R., Sabharwal, A., Conrad, J., Gomes, C.P., Shmoys, D., Allen, W., Amundsen, O. and Vaughan, W., 2012. Maximizing the spread of cascades using network design.arXiv preprint arXiv:1203.3514. Simmons, J.M., 2014.Optical network design and planning. Springer. Soba, M. and Aydin, M., 2013. Product placement efficiency in marketing communication strategy.International Journal of Business and Management,8(12), pp.111-116. Thorson, E. and Moore, J., 2013.Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

Reserve Clause an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Reserve Clause Based from the US sports professional culture, Reserve Clause is a clause or part of the contract that contained in a standard contract but that upon the expiration of the players contract he or she has to be retained by the team to which he has signed with. Such signing of contract disallows the player to move to other teams even though the contract expires. He would only be allowed to join other team unless otherwise released by the team. He would be given option, though to ease the burden. His first option is to a) play for another year for the same team, or; b) be released through signing legal documents (Wikipedia, 2007). Need essay sample on "Reserve Clause" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The reserve clause came into existence when the United States Supreme Court held a ruling during the 1922 case Federal Baseball Club v. National League (259 U.S. 200). The court said that as a sport, baseball was not primarily a business and that is should not be in an arena of "interstate commerce" as well as it is also against the antitrust law.Prior to this, players were free to move to other team as soon as they have completed their contract and then demand higher salaries. Thus other athletes especially those that are bound by their contracts were getting unequal benefits which in turn demoralized them. With this court ruling, team owners standardized contracts to all players to avoid demand for insignificant high salaries. Now, all players contracts are prepared for one year and long-term contracts are avoided. This kind of contract was for the protection of the team as well as players who have been loyal to their teams. A professional player is said to be in a free agency if he can negotiate freely for a contract to a team while without any obligation from other team. A player is now in a "pool" of free agents from which the player can now scout and sign a contract for a team of his choice. University Students Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment in time? Entrust Your Essay Paper To Us And Get A+ Online Essays For Sale Professional Writers For Hire Custom Essay Review Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service There are economic drawbacks, however, with free agency. First, this case is not beneficial to teams because it can lead to a battle of biddings. The increased salaries mean the decrease in the profit of the team. In the European sports, the transfer system has always been a puzzle to outsiders. Why should his previous company hinder a former employee to move to another company? In the world of sports, this is different. In 1963, the case of George Eastham concerning transfer and retain system was declared illegal. And yet this system did not stop because it has not been challenged legally. Retain and transfer system was used in the sports world of football to keep wages low. It has similarity with the US Reserve Clause since this system prevents the player to transfer freely to other clubs even he is out of contract. In Europe, this scenario was defended by the owners of the team and presumed that players love to play with the labor market to earn more. So in this case, the players lose their bargaining power, and they cannot request permission from their old club to move to another club. However, the Bosman case in 1995 has stirred the sports society in Europe. This case has resulted in abolishing the system by the European Court of Justice which controls the number of foreign players in a certain team. The result is the increase in wage dramatically for the top players. Club members in reaction to this ruling have called for a wage cap to prevent players dictate their wages but this was ruled out to be anti-competitive and fascist under European law. In comparison with the US counterpart, the volume of players movement is declining because of the transfer fee and clubs now can sit and spy for any targeted player who will be on a free agent status anytime (Davis, 2007). But the good news does not end there as some European clubs still requests for a transfer fee from their players who want to transfer but still within the period of their contract. The European Commission is helpless with this system. As of today, clubs and players sign the usual employment contract that indicates contract period. This contract binds the player from moving to other clubs in as much as the club is prohibited to assign players to another club without the players agreement. But what happened was that players always move beyond their contract and break this agreement. Then what happens where there is constant breakage of the rules. This is now the biggest problem faced by the European Commission and the English legal system as it is very difficult to retain players against their will. Eventually in 1998 after the European Commission began to greatly consider the Bosman case, the commission has come up with proposals. The agreement will commit FIFA in altering their regulations. The changes will focus on preserving transfer fees for new players, and this will be in place as compensation for training costs, providing incentives to develop young players and means to discourage players from moving out illegally. Players ages 18 and below are the most privileged in this proposal. They will have a free movement within clubs in the European Union as long as their club follows a code of conduct and will provide the guarantee for academic education and training. This privilege, however, will be voided if the players family moved out of Europe (Foster, 2001) Work Cited: Davis. (2007). Reserve clause [Electronic Version]. Retrieved August 24. Foster, K. (2001). Transfer Fees: Still (Il)Legal After All These Years? Wikipedia. (2007). Reserve clause [Electronic Version].

Propaganda and Censorship essays

Propaganda and Censorship essays The Nazi=s used many different types of propaganda and used various methods to censor. These included, the press, the radio, loud speakers, books, theatre, art and music, rallies and campaigns and films. In the press nonNazi newspapers and magazines were closed down and taken over. Goebbels also told editors what they could and could not print. All of the radio stations were placed under Nazi control and cheap massproduced radios were sold. These radios were even installed in cafes and factories. Loud speakers were placed in the streets to broadcasts speeches by Hitler and broadcast proNazi plays and stories. In the cultural side of things, many writers, artists and composers were persuaded or forced to create works in praise of Hitler and the Third Reich. All journalists were banned and thousand of Jewish or anti Nazi books were destroyed in public book burnings, 1933. Jazz music was banned because it was organised and mainly played by black people. Many modern arts were declared *degenerate= and art galleries were forced to get rid of it. Rallies and Campaigns took place. There were annual mass rallies at Nuremberg and In 1936 there was and Olympic Games in Berlin, used to distract the public also, for propaganda purposes. Spectacular parades were held on other special occasions. There were local rallies, marches and fundraising campaigns led by the SA. They also had a clever use of poster campaigns. In Germany the cinema was very popular. Over 100 German (Nazi) films were made a year. All film plots has to be shown to Goebbels before production. Political films were made. Love stories and Thrillers given to pronazi slants. The Importance of the Army in Nazi Germany. Both Hitlers attempted coups were put down by the army and he knew that it was only the German Army that had the power to overthrow him. The Reich War Ministe ...

How to Write Good College Essays

How to Write Good College Essays How to Write Good College Essays Writing a college essay may seem much complicated at a glance. Still, if you know what is required from you and how to deserve your readers appreciation, you have all chances to succeed. This article will help you get to know some special secrets of writing good college essays. Take them into consideration, and you are sure to learn writing really good college essays. In addition, devote a couple of minutes of your time to read an article on good term paper topics, how to write a good college essay, and review a list of good essay topics: How to write good college essays: Secret 1. Avoid banalities When writing a college essay, you should keep in mind that the committee looks through hundreds of absolutely identical essays. Therefore, in order to succeed, you need to make a standing out paper. Think of some exclusive information about you in order to attract the readers attention from the first sight. How to write good college essays: Secret 2. Establish a link between you and your reader Show the reader that it is easy for you to talk to him/her. Imagine that you are having a conversation with an interlocutor who is trying to bring you to light. However, mind that a lot of different people will be reading your paper. So, be careful when talking about the death of your close people or something very private. How to write good college essays: Secret 3. Be honest You know, the reader does not expect to see a superhero in you. So, there is no need for you to exaggerate your abilities. How to write good college essays: Secret 4. Focus on your strengths but do not reject your weaknesses This is in some way means being sincere to the reader. Besides, there are no perfect people, so if you focus on your strengths only, the reader may feel that you hold back something. How to write good college essays: Secret 5. Use humor Use relevant jokes but be careful with them. Different people have different sense of humor. How to write good college essays: Secret 6. Make a catchy introduction and persuasive conclusion Mostly, these two parts make the final impressions from reading. That is why it is so important to spend enough time making them effective. How to write good college essays: Secret 7. Check and check back The more mistakes you will find, the more chances you will have to get a high grade on your paper. How to write good college essays: Secret 8. Believe in yourself! Remember, the one who always thinks about success will certainly succeed! So, good luck with your college essay! If you do not know how to write good college essays and need professional help with writing, do not hesitate to place an order on our site and get your college essay written by professional writers! Related posts: Composition Essay Essay Writing Guide Essay Help Draft Essay Rough Essay Editing Service

Saudi EFL Instructors' and Students' Perceptions toward Implementing Essay

Saudi EFL Instructors' and Students' Perceptions toward Implementing MALL in High Education - Essay Example This has resulted in new approaches of teaching and learning and this has made it possible to devise teaching plans within and outside the classrooms. The incorporation of technology into education is supported by a number of theories including behaviorism, constructivism, situated learning theory, collaborative learning theory, informal and lifelong learning theory (Naismith et al., 2004). In the field of teaching and learning new languages, many models that are based on the utilization of technologies have emerged. These technologies play a crucial role in the improvement of the educational process. Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is one of these models in which students use computers to learn the language (Levy, 1997).Although CALL gained its popularity in many developed countries in the early 1980s, Saudi Arabia unfortunately did not introduce computers to its educational system until the last decade of the twentieth century (Oyaid, 2007). As a result of the constant developments in the field of ICT, a new stage of CALL developed known as mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) in which students use mobile devices in the language learning process (Begum, 2011). These devices are the new generation of computers and include personal portable mobile devices such as cell phones, MP3/MP4 players, personal digital assistants and palmtop computers used for lan guage learning (Kukulska-hulme, 2008). For the purpose of this paper, the researcher will focus on the use of smart phones and tablets for the delivery of higher education. Regardless of the challenges that result due the usage of mobile devices in education, a number of successful attempts have occurred in different parts of the world. This successful usage resulted in improving the linguistic competence of the students (for example, Thornton and Houser, 2003; Myers, 2000). However, it needs to be understood that in order to successfully implement MALL in any

A Critical Analysis of Rehabilitation in Contemporary Penal Policy Essay

A Critical Analysis of Rehabilitation in Contemporary Penal Policy - Essay Example A working definition of â€Å"rehabilitation† is needed in order to perform an analysis, though even a few definitions evidence how differently the word can be interpreted. The British Humanist Association, in discussing rehabilitation, comments whether we should â€Å"be reforming and educating criminals, so that they have something better to do with their lives and no longer want to commit crimes?†. Lewis, after summarizing the many documents produced of late by the Home Office on the topic of crime, states, â€Å"These documents seem to give significant weight to the rehabilitation of offenders on the basis that such strategies will reduce reoffending†. Clearly, while both have a goal of reducing the commission of crimes by former inmates, the Humanists appear to have a concern for the content of the strategies, not just the process. Lewis proposes his own definition of rehabilitation, â€Å"the process whereby offenders are afforded the opportunity to be ful l members of society, with the rights and responsibilities that this entails.†

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Essay Carl Jung worked with Sigmund Freud, who assumed the unconscious mind was a personal thing within an individual . But Carl Jung saw the unconscious mind as the inherited part of the human psyche that could not be developed from personal experience. The collective unconscious is expressed through archetypes, which are universal symbols and thoughts that influence the way we express our emotions and actions. Its the way we connect with each other and understand things. Archetypes are recurring plot patterns, images, descriptive detail, and characters that are expressed in stories, dreams and religions. The unconscious emotions in ourselves are evoked when we recognize these archetypes. Nature vs. Mechanical World This type of plot pattern is used to show that nature is good rather than technology and society which are seen as bad. Nature represents purity and good, while technology represents evil and corruption. The Ritual The ritual marks a translations to a new role in society. An example of this is the sorting hat that is used in Harry Potter to initiate the students in one of the four houses. A ritual in Hamlet would be Claudius and Gertrudes wedding because it lets us know that Claudius is the new king and shows Claudius new role in society. Symbols Symbols such as black cats that represent bad luck and four leaf clovers that represent good luck are universal and helps an audience understand events in a story. For example the use of the snake venom used to kill the old king makes us connect that to the story of Adam and Eve because we see a snake as someone who causes trouble. Comedy Follows the plot of a story from going to an undesirable state to a desirable state. Tragedy The opposite of comedy; going from a desirable state to an undesirable state. Darkness Darkness is associated with the unknown and a sense of despair. It brings an eerie mood to the setting. In Hamlet, the ghost appears at night in the wilderness where its foggy, tying these three archetypes together to have an ever greater impact. This archetype of darkness is portrayed in the Lion King. Mufasa tells Simba everything the light touches is our kingdom. which also shows their power. The difference between Mufasa and Scars land is that Scars land is shown to be dark, dusty, and empty, relfecting his persona. While Mufasas land is full of light, reflecting Mufasas good personality. The Unfaithful Wife Described as someone who is in a relationship who has feelings for someone else. Gertrude is the prime example for this because of this quote: O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason][Would have mournd longer married with my uncle,][My fathers brother [She married O most wicked speed! To past][With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! ][It is not, nor it cannot come to good. ] Hamlet lets the audience see Gertrude as an unfaithful wife because we feel pity for him due to the fact that it actually would be horrible kowing your mom married some other guy after your dad died. The ghost also portrays Gertrude as an unfaithful wife by saying: O wicked wit, and gifts that have the power][So to seduce! won to his shameful lust][The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. The unfaithful wife archetype is seen throughout many other stories, movies, and even real life situations. If you look at any teen angst shows there is always a couple where the boyfriend/girlfriend fall for someone else while in the relationship. Most people find nothing wrong with this kind of person cheating because we all have that unconscious thought that makes us root for the underdog. Perfect Woman Is the character in stories that the main character falls in love with. Isnt necessarily a woman, it can be a man or even something that just brings out the best in the hero. I feel that Ophelia starts out as the perfect woman, seeing as her and Hamlet have a relationship, but it ends due to Hamlet going crazy. You can questions whether she is the perfect woman for Hamlet because if they were perfect together they wouldnt have had such a tragic ending. Death Is the antagonist blocking the heros path. Every story has some sort of antagonist whether it may be another person or even a personal conflict that the hero is trying to overcome. Claudius is seen as the antagonist to Hamlet and is also attempting to stop Hamlet from revealing anything about the murder Claudius committed.

Siddhartha: Overcoming Misfortunes Of The Past :: essays research papers

Siddhartha: Overcoming Misfortunes of the Past On page 132 we read "Everything that was not suffered to the end and finally concluded, recurred, and the same sorrows were undergone." What does this mean in regards to Siddhartha and any other of the characters in Hesse's story? Do you agree with this statement? Explain. This quote is taken from the context of when Siddhartha is crossing the river and he sees his reflection and it looks like his father. This quote refers to a repeating of events. It is illustrated by Brahmin being separated from Siddhartha and Siddhartha being separated from his own son. This parallels the quote in three ways. Taken literally it identifies the â€Å"father-like-son† aspect of the situation. It can be taken as a metaphor for the endlessness of time as well. Taken out of context, this quote identifies that anything that is not followed or completely worked through will continue to exist and it will repeat itself. Siddhartha left his father, Brahmin, at a young age to join the ascetics. Siddhartha is now considering the pain his father must have gone through not seeing his son again. Siddhartha's son, too, was separated from his father. Without dealing with this situation, the distance between father and son would never be reconciled. Thus the situation Siddhartha had with Brahmin would be repeated. The quote can also be interpreted as a metaphor for time. Obvious recurrences can be noted in time, suggesting that time repeats itself. Instead of a river, another symbol can be used for time, perhaps a pool. According to this quote, things repeat themselves in time. In a pool objects float around until they finally make their way to the outlet. Events swirling around in time without reconciliation are â€Å"trapped† until they are dealt with. The entire pool makes up all that time is. All the experiences and thoughts of past, present, and future that have not been dismissed all contribute to the whole of time. If the quote stood alone, without the context of Siddhartha's reflections on his father and his son, it would state that anything that isn't finished through completion would forever hang in the cloud of time. â€Å"Every thing that has not suffered to the end...† If something is not carried on to completion, it will repeat itself until the initiative is taken to finish it. â€Å" ...recurred, and the same sorrows were undergone.† I can identify with this quote because at time I am prone to over committal. I will devote myself to too many things and I cannot physically complete them all.

Cannes Film Festival and Mr. Bean

They headed into a bay full of yacht because one of the survivors owns a key of his yacht in that bay. It wasn't easy to get in there because you cannot almost cross the roads near the mall because all zombies are around the buses. They have lost a lot of people. They were able to get into the bay but only four made it. They sailed until they reached an island. They were attacked by another bunch of zombies and all of them died. Mr.. Bean won a prize in a raffle. It was a trip too beach in France with some pocket money and a video camera.He started the trip on a train station and all his misfortunes have started. He lost his money, passport and his luggage. He caught himself with Stephan, Email's son who is a movie critic in Cannes Film Festival, leaving the train unintentionally. A lot of misfortunes happened to Bean until he was helped by Sabine, an actress in a movie that will premiere in Cannes. They get into the event and Bean, together with Stephan, disguised to get inside the building. The movie seems to be boring so Bean used his video camera to replace the movie with his own video along his trip.The audience were entertained but the director was poised so he, together with the guards, chased Bean but wasn't able to get him. Bean unintentionally went in front of the stage and he was applauded together with the director, taking the advantage because they loved the director's film. Bean went outside and was finally able to get to his destination, French Riviera. HOSTEL PART Ill Carter decided to have a bachelor's party for Scott in Lass Vegas. They met their other friend in there together with the girls Carter paid for Scott.They got drunk and he next day, one of their friends is lost together with Nikkei, one of the girls that they were with last night. They investigated and went to the places where they possibly are. They saw Kinder, Nick's friend, and told them that her friend is missing. They didn't know that they are dead already because of the secre t organization for gambling by using human as their medium for betting by killing them. Coot's friends were caught and Carter revealed he was a member of the secret organization.Scott was strapped on a chair and Carter enters the â€Å"arena† in front of the other members f the organization and there Carter revealed that he wants Coot's girlfriend. They fought and Scott escaped causing a panic all over the building. Carter was able to escape with a car, leaving Scott in the compound behind the locked gate and the building exploded. Carter went to Coot's girlfriend and said he was sad for Coot's death. She told Carter that Scott is not yet dead and then Scott appeared and killed Carter in the garage?Nick decided to have a new house for his family specifically for his pregnant wife. They bought the house from Chuck and there Nick hired the guy to fix the house because they found molds in the house. Instead of getting it repaired, Chuck destroyed the house and Nick got angry and fired Chuck. He decided to fix the house on his own but it wasn't easy for him. At the same time, his family was a bit angry to him because of the misery they had. Nick apologized to Chuck and hired him again. This time, Chuck really fixed the house. He helped Nicks wife when she was laboring.After six months, Nick launches his magazine in front of his beautiful house and they ad a party afterwards. UNIVERSAL SOLDIER Devoured and Coot's corpses were used for the â€Å"Universal Soldier† program to develop a perfect soldier for combat. They were first tested in a hostage taking in a nearby dam. Veronica, a former reporter, wants to know about the program's secret to get her Job back. She was able to get inside the compound where the soldiers are and discovered that they were some sort of a robot. She was caught by Scott but he was helped by Devoured to escape. Scott chased the two to kill them accompanied by his fellow Unison's.Coot's group was killed but he's still determine d to kill them. They had a car chase. Coot's truck fell into the cliff. Devoured get his memory back and returned home with Veronica. Scott gets into the house and fought Devoured. He can't do anything because Scott was overpowering him but was able to fight back because he used the muscle enhancer that he stole from Scott. He killed Scott and was able to save his parents and Veronica. Principles Of Literary Criticism (Five Movie Plots and Synopsis) Submitted by: Michael Gee C. Stroller ABE Submitted to: Mr.. Jose V. Cultural

Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory

Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 1 Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory John Smith Nyack College Life is so busy these days that sometimes we don’t stop to think how we got to this point or realize some of those key factors that played a role. I think it is fair to say that most people take a lot of things for granted but when you pause and analyze life’s events it can be an eye opener and really get you thinking about how certain career decisions have created a pathway for your career and at life-space. Gets a little scary when you think back on how one or two decisions could have really swayed your career. I think we can all think back to an event in our adult development that either went our way or one that didn’t that. I think back to my first few years as a working adult and how some of those early influences really set me on a path forward I spent a good amount of time reviewing Donald Super’s theory of career development and the life-span/life-space theory. I am naturally a skeptic, especially when it comes to most of these types of theory’s I read about but I feel that Super was Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 2 right on and it is hard to find areas of disagreement. I especially agree with the point that career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of our lives. When you talk about career development it starts off as a very broad subject and people take all kind of different paths to develop their careers. In my case I started working at UPS right out of high school and it was just a â€Å"job† at first and that is all I expected. The word â€Å"career† never entered my thinking, alls I knew is that I had graduated high school and my Mother old me that I had to get a job so off to UPS I went. That decision was the first major influence in my adult life, what I didn’t realize back then was that going to UPS instead of, let’s say getting a job at a small business was a huge factor in my career development. UPS is obviously a very big company and they tend to hold onto the one’s they want to develop which was very important to me. If I decided to work for a small family owned business as my first job things could have been very different. I am always very thankful for that decision I made and the people at UPS who took me under their wing and helped develop my career at UPS. A major factor in one’s career development is to put themselves in a position to grow and or be surrounded by good people or good companies that will help you grow. Easier said then done, when you are young sometimes you don’t realize or are not looking into the future but for me that a critical decision which started my career. My first couple of years with UPS I was still just a kid, but by the time I turned 20 Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 3 I was what they called a part-time supervisor which was another critical decision/influences in my career. I can remember back to that day when I almost turned down the job because I had long hair and didn’t want to cut it off. UPS had a, no hair past you collar rule for men and I really almost turned down the position because of this. Once got past the long hair issue things really started taking off the next few years as I moved around in different management roles to build my skill set. The most influential director I ever worked for was a lady by the name of Mary Finnigan, I still remember her name, she use to hound me all the time about school and when am going to enroll in college. That is what I mean by good people around you, good companies have good people and they will give you that extra push when you need one. Not sure I ever would have gone to college if she wasn’t all over me about it all the time. Again, she was looking at the big picture regarding developing my career and I was still just looking at it as a job. All of this was happening during Super’s Exploration stage of career development. I was trying to understand what I wanted to do as far as a career. I was part of the union for year which I did not like very much, I was part of management for about four years during this period and really enjoyed the challenges of the job but still had a hard time with the style of management and people telling me what to do all the time, looking over my shoulder all the time, and just the overall â€Å"The beatens will Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 4 continue until morale improves† management style. UPS use to have something called MBO’s which was â€Å"management by objectives† but the joke was that it was really MBI, â€Å"management by intimidation†. As I moved toward the end of my exploration stage I realized I had to make a career decision/change. Although I very much enjoyed the high pressure atmosphere and the thrill of success I knew that I didn’t respond well to that sort of management style as it was very draining for me and started having a negative effect. As I moved into the establishment phase of Super’s theory I made a bold move and agreed to start college as per Mary’s request. Once I finished my second semester UPS granted my approval to move from the operations to sales which was huge for me and where I excelled. For the first time I started thinking of UPS Sales as a career and not just a job. I also got married, bought a house, and had a child in the first few years of this stage. As my career in sales got going it create a lot of stability in my live, somehow in operations you never had the feeling of security do to the management style but now I did. Career and personal lives are very much integrated together, the feeling of a career and not just a job somehow settles you down and you start looking at live in a different perspective. Although I owe a lot to UPS and people like Mary I made the decision to leave UPS and to join FedEx. That was the hardest but most important career decision I have ever made. With UPS I had 10 years in, I was doing well, had security, things were going well. I Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 5 I also had a lot of responsibilities including a mortgage and family. Making career changes not only affected me but all affected my family and it was scary leaving something you knew was there for something unknown. But it all worked out very well, FedEx is a much younger company, a sales driven company, which fits my style better. I have not entered the maintenance stage yet and won’t for another 5 years but if I had to disagree with any of Super’s five stages this would be one that I would disagree with somewhat. If your goal is to just holding onto an achieved job I think you are going to fail in today’s world. The world is very different today and if you are past 45 in corporate America sitting still and just holding onto a job that means you are going backwards. Maybe when you hit 60 I could understand that thinking but not in your mid-40’s or 50’s. Corporations are very aggressive these days and wouldn’t allow someone to just to hold onto an achieved job. Maybe this is where a smaller company would think or act differently then a large corporation who has to answer to shareholders each quarter. There are many different roads people travel, for the last twenty years mine has been in corporate America working for Fortune 500 companies, I expect that I would continue down this road hopefully with FedEx. For me personally, I would belief that I will not settle into a holding pattern once I enter my mid-forties. I still feel very young in my career and am still learning new things everyday and I think that will continue for some time to come. With my position there are always larger corporations to sell to or manage Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 6 and as I continue to move my career forward I will work with larger and more complex corporations which will keep me moving forward and not settling. Understanding and Applying Adult Development Theory 7 References Bjorklund, B. , & Bee, H. (2008). The Journey of Adulthood, Sixth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Marks Spencer Essay Essay Example

Marks Spencer Essay Essay Example Marks Spencer Essay Essay Marks Spencer Essay Essay This assignment will examine how Marks Spencers strategies have changed in the past 10 years, from 1998 to 2008. These strategies include management strategy, corporate social responsibility, advertising strategy, competitive strategy, and green strategy. However, the most important strategy must be the recovery plan of these ten years. Marks Spencer is the largest clothing retailer in the UK. It is also an international retailer which operates around 760 stores in more than 20 countries around the world. The company provided quality products with affordable prices and they offer a board range of products, such as womenswear, menswear, childrenswear, babywear, and homewares. [Mintel, Retail Review March, 2008] In 1998, the company was hit by falling sales and loss of market share. They suffered 23% decrease in profits, and by 2001 Marks and Spencer was no longer even in the Financial Times list of the top 500 global companies. It was even in danger of being taken over by another company. The reasons of decreasing sales include the failure of the changing needs of its core consumers, boring design and styling and fashionable competitors, such as Gap and Zara. Since then, the company used different strategies to recover the company lost. By the end of 2002, the market share of the clothing market raised up sharply to 14.8%. Marks and Spencer were able to bring back the customers temperately. However, they experienced another rapid drop in market share again in the 2 following years, which was between 2003 and 2004. Fortunately, the company picked up the market share in 2006 with strong performances from menswear, womenswear and childrenwear. The Christmas sales even rose up by 9.2% in 2007, which was officially recovered. Therefore, the question about how the company went down, how it recovered and the presence strategy will be discovered. [Marks Spencer annual report, mintel 2002] First of all, management strategy is involved during these ten years. Marks Spencer has been changed their director board many times since1998. For example, Luc Vandevelde recruited as a chairman in 2000 and now, Stuart Rose is the current executive chairman since 2008. The organisational structure has been changed to be flatter over these ten years They company has been cut down some layers of management since 1998. This would enable their employees at the remaining levels to be more responsible and have more accountability than before. Quicker decision could be made by this strategy which means that the employee has to be ready to give good reason for the decisions that they make. In 2001, Marks Spencer made attention on implementing the changes about adding highly talented retail specialists to the company. Started from 2000, the company have put in place a strong leadership team, which has developed a very good progress in its implementation. They were trying to improve the value of the core market. [Marks Spencer annual report, mintel 2002] From 2003 to 2007, the number of Marks Spencer stores in the UK and Republic of Ireland has increased from 335 to 472, which is a strategy of market penetration, as Marks Spencer marketed the same products to its exciting consumers that are in the UK and Republic of Ireland for increase sales. In addition, launching loyalty card is another activity of market penetration. (Ridder, K.,2003 , Mintel, 2007) Many of Marks and Spencers strategies can be defined by using Ansoffs matrix, which is one of the most useful planning aid. This helps identifying alternative strategies based on products and markets. There are four main growth strategies of possible combinations for products and markets. They are market perpetration, market development, product development and diversification. [Ansoffs Matrix, 2008] Product development is the process that involved the development of new products for current customers. For instance, the David Beckham range of childrenswear, DB07 was launched in 2004. A brand is an empty vessel you imbue with value.(Wally Olins, 1988) This quote relates to Marks and Spencer, because of it was an opportunity of adding value, quality and leadership by having David Beckham to be one of their ranges, DB07. This helped the company to attract new customers in the new market, which is another example of Diversification. Market Development means the process of developing new markets for existing products. Targeting new segments or expanding new geographical markets can achieve the company growth. However, Marks Spencer did not enter any new geographical markets, since the sale of Brooks Brothers in 2000 and King Super Markets in 2006 for their recovery plan. The company tried to focus on Europe, because the company mainly owned stores in the UK, Republic of Ireland and franchises in Continental Europe. The numbers of stores in the Continental European countries are even expanded from 82 to 131 in total between July 2004 and July 2007. Online shopping is one another activity of market development. Marks Spencer started launching online retailing in 1999. By the end of the year 2000, they had expanded 3,000 products on their website. Then, they kept developing their online shopping through partnerships with different companies, such as MSN in 2000 and Amazon in 2005. (mintel, fashion online 2006) Diversification is the most risky strategies in the Ansoff matrix, as it means the company markets new products to new customers, which may not be relevant. For instance, Marks Spencer had a great idea of hiring a famous football player, David Beckhamd and granting him his own clothing range. Their marketing focus is on their clothing range which is probably the right idea due to competitors such as Sainsburys were introducing their own clothing range. The company had incorporated their own style and image which their competitors could not comprehend to. Therefore, it was a big step in the right direction for the company. [Marks Spencer annual report 1999] The recovery plan on 2000/01 was focusing on UK retail business, cutting down cost and businesses and improving capital structure. The strategy of focusing on the UK retail business which included expanding the growing businesses, such as food, home and beauty, but also concentrating on clothing business, accelerate of store renewal programme for more intensive use of space, and getting closer to the consumer, in terms of better marketing communication. The cutting down unprofitable strategy were involved selling the business in Hong Kong to become a franchise, closing down some unprofitable overseas business and the unprofitable clothes catalogue and reducing cost of goods that by using foreign supplier in Asia, which enabled to reduce sales price and to raise profit. After the recovered of the company, the company was planning to drive their core business, such as product, service, environment and brand stretch. Also, they wanted to develop their international business. On the stra tegy of improving capital structure, the company tried to reduce the investment in inventories by 10%, which helped for a reduction of  £90million. Competitions with other retailers, such as Gap and Zara, Marks Spencer has been changed from managing their business as a whole, rather than alone product lines, to Marks Spencer started focusing on the UK market and its core clothing business in 2001. The same year, George David, who is the founder of Next appointed to create a new womens fashion collection for Marks Spencer in February, which called Per Una. This product lines reflected the original Marks Spencers values of quality, value and innovation as well as the modern requirements for fashion. In 2004, the company suggested to change it direction of its clothing. They wanted to attract younger customers and the company bought Per Una from George Davies for  £125m in September. [Marks Spencer annual report, 2001and 2004] Marks Spencer have changed a lot in their childrenswear department in 2002. They have been using high technology of health and safety testing on their ranges of childrenswear, which gave a better quality to their products. As mintel report suggested that the biggest threat to the retail scene at that moment (2002) was Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer was very interesting, as they have suffered for period but they were more of a threat if they get their act together and get things right in childrens clothing they could make a huge difference much bigger than any foreign retailers entering the marketplace. [Mintel report, 2002] In addition, since Marks and Spencer believed that children-wear should involved more personalities and style, in February of 2002, they decided to sign David Beckham to help with their boy-wear range. In September of 2002, Marks and Spencer introduced their new cloth-wear DB07 which gave a boost to with stronger ranges by expanding and introducing a fast fashion element to its Limited Collection range in 2006/07. [mintel, Retail Review UK March 2008] Since the dramatic sales drop, Marks Spencer started spending a huge amount of money on their advertising strategy. In 1999, they spent around  £2 million on the advertising campaign which included television commercial. In 2001, the companys Christmas advertising was launched on the national television. Some of the celebrities were featured saying what Christmas means to them and some of the Christmas gift, products were featured either. In 2004, text marketing was firstly used by Marks and Spencer, which means sending the company brand name to target customers. Also, David Beckham was featured for the collaborated collection, DB07 at the same year, which showed a family men image for the brand and suits the image of Marks Spencer In 2005, an advertising campaign Not just Food was launched in April and the advertising campaign for clothing which Twiggy featured in was also launched in October. In 2006, they launched of Get This Party Started Christmas campaign featuring Shirley Bassey. Marks Spencer has been using different celebrities, media, images and idea to advertise their brands and products. [Barrett, S., 8 Dec 1999] Nowadays, Marks Spencer is more concerned about green and ethical issues than it used to. They were trying to become the most environmentally friendly retailer in the world. In 2006, Marks Spencer has launched a new ethical image, called Look behind the label campaign. The company has been started selling 100% fair-trade cotton since then. In the early 2007, the company planned to spend  £200 million on green strategy in the following 5 years, which included climate change, waste, sustainable raw material. The name of the plan, called Plan A, with a tag line Because there is no Plan B. The implementation of paying 5p for standard sized vest carrier bag when purchasing is one of the commitments of Plan A in 2008. [Marks Spencer.,,Annual report, 2006,2007 and 2008] In conclusion, Marks Spencer has been experienced a period of decreasing sales and had acknowledged numerous issues for their recovery strategy, which mainly on their clothing range with pricing quality, fit, segmentation, product appeal and availability. Then, the company was aiming to offer something for everyone with better price, better quality of products and deliver quicker. For example, the Zip, Blue Harbour and Classics range of clothing, they have a big range of clothing lines to offer new and current customers. Marks Spencer is doing well at the moment and officially has been recovered already. The sales of these two years have been increased. However, the market and consumer behaviour is always changing rapidly. The company should not be too proud of their sales profits. It is recommended for Marks Spencer continues to concentrate on their marketing communication to build up a long term relationship with their customers and to regain more competitive advantages such as online or telephone delivery for food in the future. Moreover, hopefully more creative designs with a cultural based can be seen in Marks Spencer soon which to match their demanding consumers. Finally, the green strategy would help Marks Spencer into another stage by not just offering us better products, but also improving a better world.

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTERING CONTESTS

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTERING CONTESTS Entering contests is an important component of any working writer’s outreach and promotions plan. Although it may seem that winning a contest is a long shot, that’s not necessarily true. Most contests (but not all) charge an entry fee, so the cost of entering should be weighed. Pick and choose carefully and be sure to match your entry to the focus and intent of the contest. I have entered my work in contests for years and have rarely won. Rarely is not the same as never. One of the few contests I won was a big one. My novel Memories from Cherry Harvest won the Frances Fabri Literary Prize. The award was a standard publishing contract with Counterpoint Press, a generous advance, and a dedicated marketing budget. There was no entry fee for this contest. The Fabri Prize Selection Committee is comprised of Matt McKay at New Harbinger Books, his wife Jude, and Tom Southern at Boaz Publishing. (More information about the Fabri Prize is available at the Boaz website.) Memories from Cherry Harvest appeared in print in June 2012. I spent about 20 years working on this book and I could wallpaper my living room with the rejection notices I have received for it. I have been submitting the manuscript to agents and publishers for 10 years and have been entering it in contests steadily since 2006. My eventual success at getting it into print is a lesson in perseveranc e and it demonstrates the importance of entering contests. There are many types of writing contests. Entering contests with short essays, short fiction, and poetry is an important way to build your credentials, to get your name out into the world, and to contribute to your platform as a recognized working writer. Remember that even if you don’t win, someone read your work, and you never know when that connection might evolve into a larger success for you in a different way than you expected. Also, consider the fact that reading tastes are subjective Memories from Cherry Harvest is not my first book in print. In 2007 I self-pubbed my children’s fantasy adventure The Call to Shakabaz under my own Woza Books imprint. I mention this because I want to point out that entering contests with Shakabaz was part of my marketing plan for the book. Whenever the book won an award, I used it as an occasion to send out press releases and email blasts and to bring the book back into the spotlight. Additionally, many contests have their own promotional mechanisms and that translates into free publicity for the winners. There’s an old Jewish joke that goes something like this:    There was once a good and pious man named Morty who was very poor. His life was difficult. One day he turned his eyes heavenward and pleaded with God, â€Å"I’m a good man, I obey all your laws, so why don’t you help me out here, maybe send some money my way; why don’t you let me win the lottery?† Thunder and lightening pierced the heavens and a booming voice replied, â€Å"Morty, I feel for you, but you gotta meet me halfway- buy a ticket.† Here’s my advice:   You have to work really, really hard to be a successful writer; but remember to buy a ticket.  

How Christianity Contributes to Patriarchy-Research Paper Essay

How Christianity Contributes to Patriarchy-Research Paper - Essay Example Once they’ve entered into that ‘happily ever after’ world following the wedding at the end of the story, the patriarchal concept of women has them managing the household, caring for the children and entirely confined within the boundaries of the husband’s property. While the fairy tale suggests this life will be full of fancy dresses, grand parties, leisure and pleasure in domestic felicity within the grand castle of the prince – the songbird in the golden cage – the reality is all too often a life dominated by the dragon. When the story takes this turn, women find themselves as the beaten-down house slave forced to bend all of her effort to someone else’s thoughtless whims and desires regardless of the harm this might bring upon herself. It is only with the assistance of other women that they are finally able to break the vision of the fairy tale to understand their realities and find a new means of approaching life. An understanding o f how this patriarchy has affected the female psyche, whether it is the actual fairy tale presented or merely stories couched on a similar theme, provides a great deal of insight into the feminist issues illuminated through Sandra Cisneros’ stories â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek† and â€Å"One Holy Night.† In â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† Sandra Cisneros’ main character, Cleofilas, grows up watching telenovelas on TV, which are like soap operas, in which the classic Cinderella themes are played out over and over, reinforcing Cleofilas’ fantasies regarding what her future life will be and the patriarchal vision of women’s approved roles in society. In the telenovelas, life was seen to be full of â€Å"all kinds of hardship of the heart, separation and betrayal† (220), but a loving woman, always patient and always kind, could expect happiness in the end. â€Å"Cleofilas

Focus on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Focus on Society - Essay Example The point that needs to be taken into consideration is that no other art form is so fervently associated with economics and business as films. So, by necessity a film has to retain a delicate balance between expressing social realities so that the viewers may relate to it, while at the same time being artistically creative and involving, thereby addressing the commercial constraints and expectations (Curran, 1998). Cinema is an art form with a very large scope, canvass and budget. Yet, it is also a medium endowed with a greater responsibility towards society as compared to other art forms. So films do get influenced by the social context in which they are created, though the vivid blend of imagination, reality, glamour, intensity and conflict presented in them never fails to directly or indirectly influence the viewers in varying proportions (Hayward, 2000). It will be really relevant to talk about the 1994 comedy-drama Forrest Gump. The film, revolving around the life of a simpleton from Alabama, Forrest Gump, in a way presents the important social, popular and historical issues and events of the 20th century America. Yet, the film did not portray the American history with the simplicity of a school textbook.

PEER REVIEW FROM A RESEARCH ARTICLE Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEER REVIEW FROM A ARTICLE - Research Paper Example The authors seem to agree that asthma is among chronic illnesses contributing to the highest cases of absenteeism in United States schools. In this case, I show that the study conducted by Wyatt and Hauenstein on the role of Okay with Asthma is credible despite the limited nature of the research itself. Okay with Asthma is an online interactive program designed to help asthma victims become their own managers. It brings together school nurses and students by creating a unique platform for online interaction. The program integrates the traditional content of asthma management side by side with psychosocial strategies for managing asthma. In his study, Wyatt and Hauenstein’s employed one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to pilot test the effectiveness of Okay with Asthma intervention. The aim of the study was to find out whether or not the program is effective in improving students’ knowledge about asthma as well as their attitudes towards the same illness. A random sampling technique was used to select elements of the study. The researcher sent out 169 letters to families with asthmatic children aged between 8 and 11 years. 53 families responded positively but only 37 of the children took part in the study. Criterion used to select participants was abil ity to complete assent form, children without cognitive or psychiatric disturbances, and children with moderate to severe asthma. The study by Wyatt and Hauenstein was done in part 1 and part 2 with each part lasting for a period of one week. To establish if Okay with Asthma enhanced knowledge scores on the AIQ and attitude tests on the CATIS, t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used. The finding was that the knowledge base of the students about asthma improved in week two (post test) as compared to (pre-test). As for the second article, Clark conducts a study

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC)

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC) Design Liability under NEC Problem Every construction or engineering project is generally designed and occasionally defects occur as a result of defective design. These defects if possible then have to be rectified and this has associated costs. Where interested parties cannot agree on which of them is responsible for the defect they often seek a legal remedy to allocate costs. To avoid this legal entanglement the majority of construction projects are carried out under the relative control of a contract that identifies the party that is responsible for the design. The degree of liability depends on how the design responsibility has been allocated under the contract. However, the complicated interaction of various legal elements with contractual provisions can consequently make this difficult to determine. For practical use a contract should allow for the incorporation of clear acceptable levels of liability to both parties. Research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests using a contract that allows for a spectrum of liability such as the NEC/ECC. This allows the level of responsibility to be tailored to the individual project by the inclusion of secondary clauses. Another consideration that must be investigated is that even if the design responsibility is not allocated under the contract, or no written contract exists, a level of responsibility under tort almost always exists. This responsibility is often forgotten and is rarely referenced in the contracts text. The level of design liability differs depending on what type of organisation the designer works for. For example, the level of design liability is the same in tort for a consultancys designer and a contractors designer, however, under a contract the level of liability may be different. In tort, the nature of the designers obligation is to exercise reasonable skill and care irrespective of the designers organisation. In contract, a consultancys designers liability is to exercise reasonable skill and care unless they know the purpose for which they are designing in which case a fitness for purpose liability is implied. Because of this risk of suffering an implied liability terms of engagement for a consultancys designer usually contract out fitness for purpose requirement. This is useful as no level of Professional Indemnity insurance exists to cover a consultancys designer for fitness for purpose liability and it is unlikely the consultancy would be able to independently cover the ris k. Even if a fitness for purpose liability is excluded, a consultancys designer could still be liable for not delivering the end result, if it can be proved that they did not use reasonable skill and care and has ultimately committed professional negligence under tort as well as being in breach of contract. As the tort of negligence is implied into both written and none written contracts, wherever a situation arises where one party owes another a duty of care, it is essential to look at its meaning. The Institution of Civil Engineers (2006) defines negligence as being based on the inflicting of injury or loss upon another person by failure to take such care as the law requires. A contractors designer suffers risk by reference to the statutory implied terms, under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, which will impose certain contractual warranties relating to merchantable quality and fitness for purpose, irrespective of what the contract says. The statutory implied terms give rise to risk for the designers contractor in that a contract which is silent on the point will impose on him a strict liability for all the obligations he has undertaken, including his design obligation. It is also worth noting that because of this, if a contractor chooses to appoint a consultancy designer under a subcontract, even if he is using the relevant standard subcontract form of the main contract, they may open themselves up to considerable risk. This is because they still have an obligation to deliver the end result that is fit for purpose, unless there are express provisions to limit liability. This why most Design and Build standard for m contracts limit the liability of the contractor for design to that of an architect under a traditional build contract. However, if there are express provisions in the contract to impose an explicit fitness for purpose liability on the contractor these provisions will then be subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. As already stated, there are two levels of design reasonable skill and care and fitness for purpose. These two terms are the most commonly used and even though they are an over simplification it is important to define them in more detail. Fitness for purpose is just that, it should satisfy and/or deliver the clients requirements whereas reasonable skill and care can be further split into professional skill and duty of care. As well as carrying out their specialist skill competently the construction professionals have to exercise a defined level of care. This duty of care is based on foreseeability, where one must take reasonable care to avoid acts, omissions or statements, which could reasonably be foreseen to be likely to result in injury or loss to other people. The standard of care to be exercised is that of the ordinary, prudent person and will depend on the particular circumstances of each individual case. In the context of this proposal it would be the construction professionals, working for the contractor who must exercise due care to highlight errors when reading and implementing the clients design, or the contractors own designer who must exercise due care when creating and developing a design (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). The element of skill required by a construction professional, whether they are an engineer, designer, quantity surveyor or project manager is to carry out their own specialist skill competently. The courts have defined the specialist skill and competence on many occasions and the following direction to the jury in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957], has been adopted by the House of Lords and is frequently cited:- Where you get a situation which involves some special skill or competence the test is the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill. A man need not possess the highest expert skill it is sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of the ordinary competent man exercising that particular art (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). As previous research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests, the NEC/ECC contract is an acceptable document that can be tailored to individual projects and remain workable and acceptable to both client and contractor. These advantages could explain why it has rapidly become the contract of choice for public sector work. Due to the economic situation that exists in the construction and engineering industry at present the majority of work is in the public sector and as a result is under NEC3 the most recent version of NEC/ECC form of contract. According to the Bank of England the current economic situation is going to continue for at least the next 6 months before signs of recovery start to filter through to the construction industry in the form of private investment. Because of this, more disagreements over design defects carried out under the NEC3 form of contract are probably going to go before the courts. It would be useful then for contractors construction professionals to know what design liabilities the contractor could be exposed to so that they can take steps to avoid any legal entanglement. This is especially prudent as the NEC3 contract does not include the term fitness for purpose in its text and instead relies on the works information given by the client to specify the performance requirements and secondary clauses to limit a contractors liability. When this information is incomplete or missing it creates a situation where the responsibilities and the end requirements are unclear and the contract reverts back to a silent position as discussed earlier and imposes a strict liability upon the contractor, unless secondary clauses to expressly limit liability are included within the contract document. Even where these clauses are included contractual warranties implied by the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 may take precedence. It is important to note that in this silent position a contractor would not be liable for desi gn works carried out by subcontractors even if appointed by them under the relevant NEC3 subcontract form. The aim of the dissertation then, is to carry out primary and secondary research to determine whether, and if so, how, a contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under the NEC3 suite of contracts. Your problem specification specifies the problem alright, but it does not indicate what can be done to resolve the problem or what issues need to be addressed in resolving this problem. These issues would form the basis of the ensuing chapters of the dissertation. There is a decided lack (although not a total absence) of appropriate citation to substantiate your many authoritative statements in the problem spec. Literature Review Current literature on the National Engineering Contract 3 (NEC3) includes legal cases, commentary or how to use guides and finally but not exhaustively research by construction and engineering academics and/or professionals. This literature individually covers the different aspects of design liability and the NEC3. Need to make more substantial to provide a structured overview. The NEC3 is endorsed and recommended by the UK Governmental Office of Government Commerce for use on all public sector construction projects. And because the majority of current construction and engineering work is in the public sector at present it is getting a lot of use and therefore it is important that those using it fully understand it. To that end Eggleston (2006) has written a comprehensive commentary on the NEC3. His commentary explains how each NEC3 contract is uniquely put together to meet the employers needs by assembling clauses from the option structure and by particularisation in accompanying documents. This commentary is particularly useful in that it helps the reader use the contract by providing step by step instructions to ensure the basic building blocks of the contract are set up correctly. A good example of this is the five steps that an employer must follow in order to create a set of NEC3 conditions for a particular contract. Egglestons (2006) commentary is an overview of the entire suite of NEC3 contract documents and gives a brief definition of the clauses. It does not give instruction of which combination of options and clauses to use but instead informs the user how to incorporate their chosen selection into a working document. On the down side the book does not give you enough legal analysis and only refers to a handful of cases and to this end does not highlight sufficiently what the repercussions of not getting it right are. This means unless the professional using it is fully versed or doesnt follow a commentary such as Egglestons to the letter they could end up in hot water regardless of what secondary clauses they think are in place to limit liability. Using Egglestons (2006) definitions of clauses and with cross reference to an NEC3 contract it is apparent that it is the secondary options X15 limitation of contractors liability for design and X18 limitation of liability are the most relevant to this proposal. This is because they are the clauses that can be included if agreed between the client and contractor to pre-determine the level of liability. Need to insert what Eggleston says Difference between two clauses and what they limitContradiction with works information Express catch all sentences added under Option Z or included in works info Egglestons thoughts on silent position Gaafar and Perry (1998) have written an insightful paper that is relevant to the proposed aim of this proposal. They based some of their findings on communication with an unnamed author involved in the development of the NEC. From this they discovered that these optional clauses came about due to legal advice that was given to avoid the term fitness for purpose and to the eventual adoption of the notion that the employer would either define the extent of his requirements for performance through the works information or would limit the liability through the choice of an optional clause. The term fit for purpose is very open to interpretation and could be a reason why it was left for the employer to fully define their requirements. Gaafar and Perry (1998) were unable to find a precise definition for the term fitness for purpose and concluded from comparing correspondence and discussion with unnamed legal academics and professionals that no such definition exists. This is hard to accept as regardless how many legal academics and professionals were contacted it is precedence set in the courts that establishes a meaning for the term not the legal academics and professionals opinion. It may be the case that these legal academics and professionals are unaware of any relevant case law and it is unlikely that they exhausted all published volumes. In addition Gaafar and Perry (1998) may have narrowed the question posed to the legal academics and professionals too much and a definition may exist in a non construction and engineering context that could be applied if the princi ples are the same. In addition to correspondence and discussion Gaafar and Perry (1998) also carried out a survey to determine the desirability to be able to adjust the level of liability. They highlight that 30% of clients questioned in the survey said that a fitness for purpose liability is not desirable as they recognise the practical and commercial problems it can cause. Gaafar and Perry (1998) expand on the description of these problems reiterating that professional designers do not have to carry a professional liability higher than reasonable skill and care and therefore no higher level of insurance cover exists. This means that the contractor can not obtain cover either and because of this if a fitness for purpose obligation exists and the design is carried out by a professional designer under a subcontract, the contractor can not pass this liability down to them. This leaves the contractor carrying a large uninsured risk. This unexpected result in their findings gives strong support to their re commendation of using a contract that allows liability to be tailored to an individual contractual situation. The theory and supporting research is comprehensive, however, the raw data is not given and it undermines their reasoning, as it is impossible to determine the significance of the results without knowing the sample size, methods used, the context and appropriateness of the questions. Gaafar and Perry (1998) was published in the International Journal of Project Management and looks at a number of problems associated with the interaction of legal elements and contractual provisions. They look at, but do not directly compare, a number of standard forms of contract and their individual advantages and disadvantages when the limitation of design liability is the key issue. The paper concludes by recommending the use of the NEC contract as they suggest it provides a spectrum of liability. Despite their suggestion of using a contract that allows a spectrum of liability they importantly acknowledge that a strict liability and obligations under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 exists and is difficult to sign away. This difficulty in signing away rights is also made reference to when they discuss liability under tort and the inclusion of express clauses to limit liability. These important points included by Gaafar and Perry (1998) are relevant to this proposal as they have a bearing on how effectively liability can be limited. Professor J. Perry and Dr H. K. Gaafar are academics at the School of Civil Engineering, the University of Birmingham and for this reason their assumptions on NEC3 in practice are likely to be based on 3rd part information and not their own practical experience within the construction and engineering environment. It is also worth noting that The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) states that parties cannot sign away certain rights under UK law and current precedence will determine what obligations exist regardless of whether a clause was included to limit liability. The HGCRA forms the basis of the current UK law and as such must be treated seriously and acknowledged as the presiding authority on set aspects of construction projects. It is also important to note that the HGCRA is 13 years old and largely based on the report by Latham (1994), as such developments have happened in the way contracts are worded to either incorporate it or find ways around it. Egan (1998) suggests that a move to partnering and mutual cooperation will do away with a need for contracts. In this situation a strict liability will be implied by current UK law and legislation and as discussed a fit for purpose obligation will be the default situation. If clauses intended to limit design liability are not effective then Eagans (1998) view that; designers should work in close collaboration with other participants in the project will protect the contractors and reduce the risk as they will be fully aware of the requirements and ultimately able to deliver the end product that is fit for purpose. This work by Egan (1998) is a very theoretical academic view and 11 years on has not fully been adopted despite moves to create more trust through partnering, however, it does provide an alternative view to the confrontational and aggressive stand many contractors and clients are adopting in the economic down turn. Wallace (1995) states his opinion that the obligation to construct a work capable of carrying out its intended use overrides the obligations to comply with specification given in the works information. If this is the case even though a contractor may have produced a design that complied with all the works information, if the end result is not fit for purpose they are then responsible. This goes back to the implied obligation discussed earlier and responsibility of the contractor to request more information and highlight lack of clarity in the works information. They may have done everything including reasonable skill and care to produce a design that complies with the works information but if the works information was inadequate they were liable for not correcting this fault and therefore liable for not producing a design that could deliver. Wallace (1995) published this work a year after Latham (1994) and in a climate where a more progressive approach to construction was the new way of thinking, however, it ignores this work and focuses on fact and the law as it stood at the time. This is not a bad thing but when applying Wallaces work to contracts such as the NEC3 it does not always directly apply and extrapolation of the legal principles is necessary, however most are still the same and the book is still widely accepted and used. Jackson and Powel (1992) conclude that the particular obligations of a contractor to his client are generally of a different nature from those owed by a professional man to his client. They make the point that this does not expressly state that the contractors obligations amount to a fitness for purpose requirement. However they imply in the passage, my complaint against him is not that he has failed to exercise reasonable skill and care in carrying out the work but that he has failed to supply what was contracted for, that a higher level of liability than reasonable skill and care exists and that the precise level of liability is governed by what is stated in the totality of the contract. Jackson and Powel (1992) is considered to be an accepted legal text and the authors experts in their field. This opinion is supported by the fact that the book has been quoted in the courts. A good example being; Lady Justice Butler-Sloss in the Court of Appeal regarding the case of Sansom and Mona ghan v. Metcalf Hambleton Co (1997) (Was it a construction law case? Was the case to do with design liability?) EGCS 185 who quoted the book as being a helpful summary. This use in 1997 is important as it is post HGCRA and although it is 17 years old has many useful interpretations that are still relevant. For example, the concept mentioned above regarding totality of the contract is very similar to the commentary detailed in Eggleston (2006) 14 years later regarding liabilities imposed by the entire contract. In relevance to this proposal then, if the book and the authors are deemed to be an authority on the subject of negligence their implications above regarding totality of the contract carry significant weight. This would suggest that secondary clauses under NEC3 are not necessarily going to limit a contractors liability to reasonable skill and care. In addition to the above works, NEC itself provides literature in both on its website and in published form, and despite the inherent bias it may carries is worth reviewing. The bias is there because the NEC has an invested interested in portraying the NEC3 in a positive light to increase sales, however, it is useful for reference to clarify technical points and attain original copies of contract wording. What is clear is that each of these commentaries focuses on a particular area of a contract or takes a view from one particular party and at present there is nothing comprehensive to show all the interrelationships of NEC3 contractual clauses and UK law and legislation. As a result unless the employer compiling the contract or contractor entering into an NEC3 contract fully understands the full ramifications of the options and clauses chosen they should seek professional legal advice. As described by Gaafar and Perry (1998) these interrelationships are very complicated especially to the non legal professional. Gaafar and Perry (1998) try to bypass the need to understand all these complicated interrelationships by developing and suggesting the use of a Spectrum of Liability, however, as acknowledged by them no contract currently exists that fully allows for this. As stressed by Latham (1996) though and indeed acknowledged by Gaafar and Perry (1998) there are certain obligations and im plied responsibilities that cannot be signed away and a strict liability is imposed unless express clauses are used to support this flexible spectrum. Only the NEC3 contract comes close, however, the effectiveness of secondary clauses to control levels of liability is difficult to determine due to the complex legal interrelationships mentioned above. To establish whether liability can be controlled in an NEC3 contract this dissertation will use arguably the main aspect that has most bearing design liability and seek to demonstrate the following conjecture: A contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under NEC3 by use of secondary clauses. Can expand to 2500 or 3000 words In final submission should include a statement in the summary to the literature review as to where the dissertation sits in relation to the main authors outlined in the introduction to the literature review. Methodology To manage the presentation of this dissertation it has been split into a number of chapters. The overall dissertation will form a piece of work that can be useful to all construction and engineering professionals who are considering entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 1 will be derived from the problem specification, literature review and methodology that form this dissertation proposal. Chapter 2 involves carrying out extensive secondary research. This will take the form of investigation into legal precedence that exists for cases with relevance to a contractors design responsibility and associated liability under NEC3. In addition to this, investigation into accepted academic views, professional interpretation of NEC3 clauses and commentary on UK statute and legislation is necessary. Combined this will form a theoretical perfect world view of design liability and act as the control for this research. Chapter 3 will explore construction professionals understanding of design liability under an NEC3 form of contract. To do this a statistically sufficient number of construction professionals will be interviewed. The questions are designed to be comprehensive enough to generate the desired responses but have been deliberately left open ended to ensure they do not lead the interviewees in a certain direction or stifle responses. The benefit of this is that a greater insight into the interviewees experience and knowledge is gained and helps determine how much weight to assign the responses. The results will then be summarised and initial statistical processing carried out to allow them to be analysed. The open ended nature of the interview questions also gives the opportunity for contractors problems that are not covered by the interview questions to be picked up and acknowledged and be compiled into the summary conclusions. Chapter 4 will seek to substantiate or disprove the conjecture made in Chapter 1 by comparing the differences between the control in Chapter 2 and the summary conclusions made from the interview results in Chapter 3. Depending on the outcome of this comparison will determine the recommendations made in this dissertation that aim to benefit construction professionals thinking of entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 5, the final chapter seeks to bring together all the conclusions made in the above chapters into a final summary. The outcome of the comparison in Chapter 4 should identify how effective the NEC3 form of contracts intentions are in regards creating a contract that is able to limit design liability by the inclusion of secondary clauses or whether other factors come into play and greater care and legal advice is needed before a contractor signs up to an NEC3 form of contract. The comparison will also determine whether any of the additional problems or negative experiences identified by the construction professionals in the interviews is real or merely perceived due to lack of understanding of UK law and of the NEC3 contract in general. If they are merely perceived, the recommendations made in this work should allow them more confidence when deciding whether or not to sign up to a given NEC3 contract. They would then be able to make an informed decision as to whether an included clauses attempt to limit liability under NEC3 would safeguard them or whether they would be exposed and need to adjust their price to suit the increased risk of what is effectively an imposed fit for purpose design liability. Need to justify research method. This justification is done by reference to established research methods authors. You make only one reference to Blaxter et al but it does not really get to the bottom of what you are doing and why. You do not eliminate other methodologies. Do other authors agree? A good methodology will compare the recommendations of three or four research methods texts. You might like to look at some of the following: 1) Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students Dr S.G. Naoum Butterworth Heinneman 808.066624 NAO 2) Research Methods in Construction Fellows Lui 3) Hart, C. 2005, Doing Your Masters Dissertation, SAGE Publications Ltd., London 4) Preece, R. 1994, Starting Research: An Introduction to Academic Research and Dissertation Writing, A Cassell Imprint, London 5) Blaxter, Hughes Tight 2006, How to Research, Open University 6) Questionnaire Design, Interview and Attitude Measurement A.N.Oppenheim Continuum 300.723 OPP The methodology should be introduced by a statement about the theoretical perspectives being employed, e.g. you are approaching this dissertation from a legal and contractual perspective by way of offering appropriate practical advice to the industry Need to justify structure. Justification for the structure requires cerebral argument and includes some linking text between your discussion on the content and format of each chapter. Remember the chapters should be based on the issues to be addressed as identified in the problem specification, so your justification of the structure could be based upon the logic of dealing with those issues. References Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Jackson and Powell (1992). Professional Negligence 3rd Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. Wallace, D. (1995). Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, Volume 1, 11th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Bibliography Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Dissertation Creation. Dissertation Help How to Write and Structure a Dissertation Proposal [Online] Available from: http://www.ukdissertations.com Accessed 07.07.09 Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. The Guild of Architectural Ironmongers (2004). Commercial and Contract Law. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Additional useful paragraphs; If the NEC3 contract is set up for the contractor to have design responsibility, then the contractors design must comply with the works information. Even if the optional clause to limit liability is used, the performance specification given in the works information will override it and therefore the contractors liability may or may not be interpreted as fitness for purpose depending on how the works information has been drafted with a strict liability imposed. Results Ques